Change Of Perspective On Single Parent Mother - 989 Words

Change of Perspective on Single-parent Mother Society has a different perspective over various aspects that determine society and to change that perspective means to provide something new and beneficial towards it. Socialization and equality has changed the perspective of single-parent mother from what it was within couple of years back from now. Single-mother used to be viewed from different perspectives, and were thought to be the burden for the whole society, whereas now, single-mother is known as independent and a capable citizen of a society. Not only equality but the strong persistence and commitment of the mother, to raise her child against the will of the society, has been the huge boost for this change. Socialization and increase in population of single-mother parent has positively changed the thinking of society where, once suppressed and portrayed as dependent on men, are now an independent individual giving hope to their society. Reviewing throughout the history of our society it would not be harsh to say that single-parent mother were considered to be a weak and dependent part of the society. Along time, situations have been changed but the time where the society was male-dominated was not that far. No matter what, women were suppressed under men under different circumstances. Men were viewed to be the soul of the family, providing necessary things as well as protecting them. There was a certain belief among people that for a family to run effectively, thereShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Akeelah And The Bee1018 Words   |  5 Pagessiblings and mother, Ms. Anderson. The film emphasizes on her goal of winning the national Scripps spelling bee as well as the parental development of her mother. Guiding Akeelah along this whirlwind journey is the principal Dr. Welch of her school as well as a previous winner of the spelling bee Dr.Larabe and eventually her whole town rallies behind her, even her mom (Atchison, Pal mer, Fishburne, Bassett, Armstrong, Mullen Zigman, 2006). Parenting Style The character Tanya Anderson, the mother of AkeelahRead MoreSingle Parenting And The Destruction Of Divorce1065 Words   |  5 Pagespartner until death when they say the words â€Å"I do†, many marriages will end with divorce instead of death. This paper is devoted to the issue of single parenting and the destruction of divorce. It is a study conducted in a different perspective where we see the cognitive and emotional damage it can do to a child and a single parent. The definition of a single parent is one individual with custody over a child and he or she is responsible for all financial, material and emotional needs. The portrait ofRead MoreMarriages, Families and Relatiohsips821 Words   |  4 PagesPage 24 Chapter 1 3. What important changes in family patterns do you see today? Today I see family patterns change in many perspectives ways. Families are more independent. They form their own opinions in their decision making. Do you see positive changes, negative changes, or both? I would have to say that I see both positive and negative changes in families. The positive that I see is that many husbands are more involved with their children and even some are now stay home dads takingRead More`` How And Deal With Moral Tales : Constructions And Strategies Of Single- Parents Families884 Words   |  4 PagesDeal with Moral Tales: Constructions and Strategies of Single- Parents Families† published in the June 2014 edition of Journal of Marriage and Family†. It explored social structure and attitude toward single-parent families and how these families adapt to such beliefs. Within this study they explored the concepts of social structure, and the breaking of social norms within an id eal family. Also, this study could be hinder with the perspective of the research participates being families with ten yearRead MorePublic And Private Families By Andrew J Cherlin1309 Words   |  6 Pageswith my epileptic mother and her cohabitating boyfriend, who is the father of my youngest brother. He goes on to define the private family as two or more individuals in an intimate relationship who normally live in the same household, pool their income, and household labor with dependents. The chapter then touches on the four perspectives used by sociologists for research regarding families. These topics include: the exchange, symbolic, feminist, and the postmodern perspective. These theoreticalRead MoreThe Case Of Nancy Troy And Her Family1683 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily structure was disrupted by the unexpected death of her mother and then again when she went to live with grandmother. She never had stable, long-term authority figure growing up. Today, Nancy is a single paren t with 5 children. Nancy s oldest child is away oversees, however her next two oldest children live with their great grandmother while her two youngest live with her. There seems to be a similar or repetitious pattern of parents passing their children off to older generations because theyRead MoreEssay about The Status of Single Mothers1651 Words   |  7 Pagesby government aid, especially single mothers. The women on welfare are often treated poorly because people think they are ‘working the system’. Tax payers feel as if the single mothers on welfare perpetuated their own poverty by having children that they cannot support, just for a bigger welfare check. They often assume that these women do not work and just live off government handouts. I know of mothers that fit this stereotype; adults still living in their parents houses, rent free, with severalRead MoreEssay on Themes Illustrated in Tillie Olsens I Stand Here Ironing732 Words   |  3 PagesThe story begin s with a sentence â€Å"I stand here ironing, and what you asked me moves tormented back and forth with the iron† (Olsen 73). It is unusual that the story starts with a description of the mother ironing. This strategy easily draws readers’ attention and introduces the narrator character to the readers. â€Å"I stand here ironing† is a very straightforward and simple description, but yet it conveys a deeper meaning and draws the readers into the narrative. The mother’s ironing provides the metaphorRead MoreAt The Mezzo Level, Social Workers Interact With Clients1423 Words   |  6 Pagesstakeholders. This paper will discuss single mothers in poverty at a mezzo level, which will include theory, intervention, change in the system, research and theory, as well as social work skills and values that impact work. Problem Identification and Theories Problem from Mezzo-Level Perspective Being a single mother in poverty does not just involve individual struggles. Single mothers in poverty have struggles that exist amongst the demographic at large. Single mothers often struggle with the challengesRead MoreThe Motherhood Penalty : A Review Of Literature1406 Words   |  6 Pageswoman chooses to pursue her career, she risks being labeled as frigid and selfish. If a woman becomes a mother, she must devote her entire existence to raising her children, which existing literature refers to as ‘mothering,’ a verb, something that is done. Women in politics frequently experience this phenomenon commonly known as the motherhood trap, which can affect many different perspectives and identities. The motherhood trap will be explored in depth in the following review of literature.

Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research - 1901 Words

Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Stem cells are cells that have not yet differentiated, or will divide into other cells that will then differentiate. These cells have the ability to develop into any type of cell that the body requires during development and growth. The value of stem cells for research comes from the ability to develop into specialized cells, a process known as differentiation, under experimental conditions. Naturally, stem cells regularly repair or replace damaged tissues. Scientifically, stem cells have been used in a variety of ways: to create Dolly the artificial animal clone, to therapeutic cloning and regenerative medicine, to drug discovery and transplantation medicine. A development of the use of human†¦show more content†¦Since this ruling, stem cell research has started to gain popularity in the research arena. The first research that required an egg was somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) May 15th, 2013. This proceeded when â€Å"an enucleated egg is fused with an adult somatic cell in the hope of producing a stem cell line that is tissue-matched to the donor of the somatic cell† (Dickenson, 2009). The technique was designed for the purpose of growing patient specific stem cells that could be used to treat conditions in which new cells would be potentially beneficial. Such conditions could be diabetes, heart disease, or Parkinson s Disease (Mayor, 2007, pg 581). The resulting stem cells are a genetic match to the cell donor, making SCNT a viable prospect for regenerative medicine. As these diseases are prevalent in current society, it is of little question why one could find this research of great benefit to a large community of patients. Though the egg stem cell research may appear strictly advantageous, it is not without drawback. To research on egg stem cells, the cells must fir st be harvested and prepared. The procedure for harvesting egg cells has been described as painful (Hyun, 2006, pg 629). A woman must receive daily hormone injections that cause the temporary shutdown of the primary reproductive organ and then rapid ovarian hyper stimulation for up to three weeks. This yields the unnaturally largeShow MoreRelatedHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1625 Words   |  7 PagesProduction and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, the Pontifical Academy for Life presents the field of stem cell research with a statement regarding the official Roman Catholic position on the moral aspects of acquiring and using human embryonic stem cells.  They have declared that it is not morally legitimate to produce or use human embryos as a source of stem cells, nor is it acceptable to use stem cells from cell lines already established. Thus, bringing up the conflictingRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research2490 Words   |  10 PagesFed eral Government to fund stem cell research through the National Institute of Health. There are various types of stem cells, but the policy issue mainly covers human embryonic stem cells. This policy revokes President George W. Bush s executive order 13435 which put heavy limitations on federal funding for stem cell research. Although this policy has already taken effect, there are still bans and immense regulation on particular methods of human embryonic stem cell extraction that involve theRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research992 Words   |  4 PagesThe liver is known in the medical community as a miracle organ because is it the only known organ in the human body that can regenerate itself if half of it is cut out. Tissue regeneration has always been a desirable fantasy, but now it is almost a possibility. Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that, although unspecialized, can differentiate into various specialized cells, such as nerves, muscle, skin, or even blo od. Sadly, controversy surrounds this relatively new scientific conceptRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1313 Words   |  6 PagesJessica Rogers Kendra Gallos English III Honors 18 April 2016 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, or HES cell research, is a very controversial ethical debate. This issues is a dilemma for scientist, religious activist, and many more. HES cell research is being disputed because the practice is morally wrong. The other side of the issue stands with many scientist, being that they see the potential lives it could save in the long run. Religious activist, andRead More Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay4185 Words   |  17 PagesHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research Many scientists believe that research on human embryonic stem cells, components of human embryos created in laboratories, will eventually yield cures to a number of devastating human conditions including juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and spinal cord injuries. On August 9, 2001, President George W. Bush announced he would permit federally funded research on existing stem cells lines derived from human embryos. He prohibited the federal funding of researchRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesStem Cells are the centre point for all growth and development. The centre point of life. Without them, there would not be humans, animals or even germs. Thanks to them, we can modify and enhance the human body when in its foetal form. The fear that a child will be born with hereditary disease, mutations and disabilities haunts the dreams of people today more than ever. But what if we could guarantee our children could be born disease free an d disability free? What if we could remove the gene thatRead MoreHuman Stem Cell Research : Ethical Dilemmas With The Utility Of Embryonic Stem Cells1879 Words   |  8 PagesTrevor McCarthy Human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) research possesses ethical dilemmas with the utility of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from human blastocyst, one of the earliest stages of embryonic development. Embryonic stem cell derivation is controversial because there are different opinions and beliefs on when an embryo is deserving of full moral status, equal to the moral respect, rights and treatment to that of a human being. ESCs extracted from a blastocyst will undergo experimentationRead MoreBiomedical Engineering: Stem Cells Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pagesadvances and research that stem from biomedical engineers can solve problems that would have never have been able to be solved before. Engineers have been working on new technology that will utilize stem cells in order to save lives and treat diseases. The stem cells that are used for treatment are called embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are formed from five-day old human embryos that the embryos are essentially human b eings (In Stem-cell Research† Para. 3). The usage of such stem cells has causedRead MoreEssay on Stem Cells: The Cure for Uncontrollable Diseases of the Past1246 Words   |  5 PagesGehrig’s disease, Sickle Cell Anemia, Alzheimer’s. This world is plague by countless diseases and there existed a time where, after many failed research attempts, scientists began to believe that people would always suffer from these diseases. However, with the introduction of stem cell research those past notions were dismissed. Upon their introduction, stem cell’s provided a new hope to the world and it proved itself to be an invaluable asset. Through stem cell research, a multitude of cures haveRead MoreThe Use Of Embryonic Stem Cells In Medicine1472 Words   |  6 Pagescure a disease? Embryonic Stem Cells can be used to treat many different diseases, but some people have their opinion that using these stem cells in medicine is unethical because they are coming from a human embryo. There are countries that have banned the use of embryonic stem cells in medicine, and in America there are people arguing that it should be banned here. But what about all of the lives that these stem cells are saving, what if research continues and these embryonic stem cells end up being

Indigenous Studies

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Studies. Answer: Introduction: Nowadays the indigenous people as a worthy of their Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK), recognition of rights and interest are engaged in environmental management. The development of environmental management, which is a feature of system dynamics of complex social-ecological and IEKs integration is identified by it to be accompanied by western science to make an increment in the attributes of the systemwhich is associated with sustainability. Indigenous people of Australia are engaged in environmental management in association with multiple stakeholders like Scientist, governments, producer groups and others. The range of mechanism they use for environmental management are indigenous and co-managed protected areas, natural resource management, native title agreements, water planning processes, endangered species initiatives, etc. Approaches are made to build a global understanding of the processes of western science integration and IEK to manage the sustainability of the environme nt. But the integration is also affected by a variety of factors including adaptive co-management context, approaches to inquiry into IEK, etc. Though there is a tremendous impact of colonial processes of territorial acquisition and state formation still the indigenous people of Australia claim their sovereign rights and interests to collective self-determination and control over their customary estates. The primary goal of this assignment is to develop an assessment that will be useful in analyzing the approaches to integration of IEK and western science, interrogating the characteristic of indigenous engagement in Australian environmental management and consider implications for management of sustainability insocial-ecological systems (SES) (Bohensky et al. 2013 p.20). Indigenous land and sea management also meanto take care of the country, which includes different individual, groups, and organizations across Australia to undertake a broad variety of natural resource, environmenta l, and activities related to management of cultural heritage. An economy based on conservation which is associated withcultural, health, and social benefits, mainly in the areas of remote regions have been made due to the initiative taken by the government in development of Indigenous land and sea management. To make these opportunities reach their maximum potential some institutional reforms, better recognition of Indigenous management of sea country and a little bit of financial support will be required. The indigenous organization and group assert their cultural obligation to take care of their traditional estates. They also have established their own ranger groups so that they can manage their asserted land successfully by perusing involvement in the national parks management. A new direction have been shown to the present-time Indigenous land management agencies by making government independent establishment of theNatural Resource Management Office in 1990 andAboriginal Ranger service in 1983 on Kowanyama Land and Palm Island (Whitehead 2012). Previously, government agencies used to follow a monopoly while managing the national park and employing rangers. In the early days, the Indigenous ranger group has to rely on Community Employment Department Program (CEDP). The income of some of this groups are supplemented through the funding from the non-government sources and fee for the service contract. Commonwealth Employment Program in Natural and Cultural Resource Management (CEPANCRM) is an organization of Australia which provides contract employment opportunities for the aboriginal people of Australia (Hill et al. 2013). CEPANCRM made an evaluation which shows that indigenous people of around 8,490 got employment on contract basis atMarine Park,(Mackieand Meacheam 2016. pp.1-18.) national park, crown land and about one third among these projectshave resulted in starting off own land management, heritage consultancies,contracting tourism and teams enterprises by the indigenous community organization,. Joint management used in parks like the national parks,the interference of royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, (Anthony 2016 p.11) and Indigenous ownership and the Coastal Zone Inquiry are some of the other significant common wealth initiatives that paved the way of the foundation for the policy and funding support and further legal recognition of engagement of indigenous people in land and sea management (Foucault 2013). The managing, monitoring and patrolling Aboriginal land areas that is given back to Aboriginal people due to theland assortments or the recognition of native title continuation under Native Title Act 1993 (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2015). The ranger groups of indigenous origin are increased in number. As a result, they got their engagement in sea and land management activities in areas which were not conventionally under the ownership of indigenous people, but it lies in the traditional and sea estate of the group involved. Appreciation can b e given to agencies of government and the broader community for they have to change the trend of indigenous employment in land and sea management from tenure based to country based. The responsibilities and rights of caring of the country mainly sea and land estates, under the supervision of other knowledge holder and initiated elders, was undertaken by the clan group and individuals which are to be inherited to their future generation in pre-colonial times. Though these cultural practices and rights are nevertheless underpin present time activities land and sea management. But it has been evolved and adapted with time and is produced by a variety of territory, regional, local, national and state arrangements made by institute. The number of Indigenous sea and land management groups which are community-managed or organization are several hundred around Australia. Most of them are totallyflourished Indigenous land and sea management agencies are employing specialist research andplanning staffs as well as the operational ranger, mostly with Traditional Owner governance arrangements complementary to local community councils or separate. However, some are there which compromise ranger groups employed by local community councils only. Majorities of these organization and groups are located in remote communities in central and northern Australia still indigenous ranger groups and other caring for the country initiatives occurs throughout Australia. Indigenous organizations that supportor coordinate locally present groups of ranger and other sea and land management initiatives, and also regional organizations working in the mainstream, such management bodies of natural resource that have direct programs and policies to provide support to natural resource management, Indigenous employment in environmental or cultural heritage management is referred to as the regional level of arrangement.The council of Aboriginal land and sea and Native Title Representative Bodies are the regional indigenous organization; they systemize a research planning of broad range of, policies, and activities of on- ground, incorporating the employment and training of the rangers. The names of some of the regional organization are Murray Lower Darling Rivers Indigenous Nations (MLDRIN), North Australian Land and Sea Management Alliance (NAILSMA), Torres Strait Regional Authority, Girringun Aboriginal Corporation, etc. MLDRIN comprises of ten owner groups which are traditionally present along the river Muray and its tributaries (Smyth and Jaireth 2012); NAILSMA is an alliance of Carpentaria Land Council, Northern Land Council, and Balkanu Cape York Development Corporation (Fitzsimons et al. 2012 pp.51-57). It coordinates sea and land management activities across the northern Australia, a statutory body established by Commonwealth legislation is Torres Strait Regional Authority and the main work of it is to provide support for island based ranger group, and plays an outstanding role in coastal and marine management and research, fisheries, including continuous harvest of marine turtles and dugong and also takes of combat coastal erosions which occurs due to sea level rise and climate change, (Smyth and Isherwood 2016p.307) and Girringun Aboriginal Corporation which deals with the sea and land management activities on favor of nine tribal groupsin North Queensland between Innisfail and Ingham (Taylor 2014). A varying level of legislative programs and policies are there to support the indigenous employment in land and sea management are provided by state and territory governments. These policies are Strategies undertaken to provide employment of indigenous people in government agencies, provide assistance for the management of the indigenous protected areas, give recognition of aboriginal rights to use and access the traditional, protection and registration on indigenous heritage sites, etc. However, recently there are much betterment is made for the recognitionof Indigenous involvement in land and sea management in State and Territory legislative and policy recognition have been done still discrimination remains between jurisdictions. Funding for Indigenous land and sea management I approved on a long-term basis by Northern Territory Government. Figure: Map of Australia Showing location of Indigenous Protected Area Project (Source: Australia State of Environment) Many Indigenous land and sea management organization are extensively relying on funding provided by government programs though they are independent of the direct control of the government. But some group which has longer establishment have made diversified sources of funding by making a partnership with research institutions, non-government conservation groups, and private sectors. Besides funding, there are also several noteworthy challenges present in the establishment, maintenance, and development of community-based environmental management organization in remote areas. By withstanding all these difficulties, the Indigenous land and sea management organizations are increasing in number. They are also successful in demonstrating the effectiveness of these organizations. The indigenous people of Australia are modifies according to the foremost environmental, climatic and sea level changes for about five decades, and it is not a matter to surprise that the reaction of these people in respect to certain environmental changes will be different than the response of the people who have recently arrived here. Though it is true that more than for 30 years the government mainly Commonwealth Government is providing fund to the Indigenous land and sea management but development in the other support and increment in funding is achieved in recent years (Zurba et al. 2012 pp.1130-1142). Reference: Anthony, T., 2016. Deaths in custody: 25 years after the royal commission, we've gone backwards.Green Left Weekly, (1092), p.11. Australian Law Reform Commission, 2015. Connection to country: review of the Native Title Act 1993: final report. Bohensky, E.L., Butler, J.R. and Davies, J., 2013. Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and science in natural resource management: perspectives from Australia.Ecology and Society,18(3), p.20. Fitzsimons, J., Russellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Smith, J., James, G., Vigilante, T., Lipsettà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Moore, G., Morrison, J. and Looker, M., 2012.Insights into the biodiversity and social benchmarking components of the Northern Australian fire management and carbon abatement programmes.Ecological Management Restoration,13(1), pp.51-57. Foucault, M., 2013.Politics, philosophy, culture: Interviews and other writings, 1977-1984. Routledge. Hill, R., Pert, P.L., Davies, J., Robinson, C.J., Walsh, F. and Falco-Mammone, F., 2013.Indigenous land management in Australia: extent, scope, diversity, barriers and success factors. Mackie, K. and Meacheam, D., 2016. Working on country: a case study of unusual environmental program success.Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, pp.1-18 Smyth, D. and Isherwood, M., 2016. Protecting sea country: Indigenous peoples and marine protected areas in Australia.Big, Bold and Blue: Lessons from Australia's Marine Protected Areas, p.307. Smyth, D. and Jaireth, H., 2012. Shared governance of protected areas: Recent developments.National Environmental Law Review, (2), p.55. Taylor, E., 2014. Collaboration on Country: Participatory Evaluation of the Girringun Indigenous Protected Areas. Whitehead, P., 2012.Indigenous Livelihoods-Background Paper.North Australian Indigenous Land Sea Management Alliance (NAILSMA). Zurba, M., Ross, H., Izurieta, A., Rist, P., Bock, E. and Berkes, F., 2012.Building co-management as a process: problem solving through partnerships in Aboriginal country, Australia.Environmental management,49(6), pp.1130-1142.

Obesity Problem and Solutions free essay sample

Obesity is a disease that affects over one-third of the adult American population, approximately 72 million Americans (Hyattsville 2007: National Center for Health Statistics). Moreover, obesity in adulthood increases the hazard of diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, arthritis and a general poor health condition (Overweight and Obesity Health Consequences, cited in www. cdc. gov) so it is the time for human being to take actions to limit this issue. With the purpose of helping people understand about obesity problem and find the ways to limit it, this paper discusses where this issue results from, what it results in and how to solute it. 2. Discussion of findings 2. 1. Some causes of obesity â€Å"Obesity is a manufactorial disease† said George A. Bray, MD (1998, p. 35). The type of food eaten may also play an important role in the rise of obesity. According to the Causes of Obesity (Anne Collin 2007), more metabolic and digestive disorders resulting from overconsumption of trans-fat and refined sugary foods such as ready-to-eat, low cost, quick meals, combined with low fiber intake. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity Problem and Solutions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These eating habits are known to cause excessive fat storage. Taking in too many calories for our energy needs must be a major cause of the modern obesity epidemic. Dr. Marion Nestle, Professor and Chair of the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at New York University provides that US agribusiness now produces 3,800 calories of food a day for every consumption of calories more than 30 years ago-but at much lower per-calorie costs (cited in annecollins. com). Evidently, the growth of fast-food chains and higher soft drink consumption lead to the increases in absorption of calorie-dense foods and a higher energy-intake. Besides bad-eating habits, reducing energy expenditure is also one of the root causes of obesity in modern life. People now do less exercise than before. The data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on the website apps. nccd. cdc. gov shows that the number of people who have No Leisure-Time Physical Activity increases gradually in the first decade of 21st century. In fact, a lack of energy balance most often causes overweight and obesity because of taking in more calories than using. People are becoming more inactive and lazier. As noted in What Causes Overweight and Obesity? (2010) on the website nhlbi. ih. gov, many Americans are not very physically active. One reason for this is that they spend hours in front of TVs and computers doing work and relaxing. Other reasons for being passive include: using cars instead of walking, fewer physical requirements at work or at home and lack of physical exercise classes in school for children. People who are passive are more likel y to gain weight so an inactive lifestyle also raises your risk of obesity and other health problem. Gene is also shown as a factor resulting in obesity. Regardless of the environment, some people stay thin and some still become obese. The Causes of Obesity on the website annecollins. com shows that genes affect a number of weight-related processes in the body, such as metabolic rate, blood glucose metabolism, fat-storage, hormones. It also gives the evidence that adopted children tend to develop weight problems similar to their biological, rather than adoptive, parents. In addition, infants born to overweight mothers have been found to less active and to gain more weight by the age of three months when compared with infants of normal weight mothers. According to The causes of obesity-genes, behaviour and environment (2009) on the website infor. ancerresearchuk. org, obesity-related genes could affect how people metabolise food or store fat. They could also affect the behaviour, make people disposed badly towards lifestyle choices that increase our risk of being obese. People having obesity-related genes are not assigned to be obese but they will have a higher risk of obesity. Therefore, genes play a key role in ob esity’s ability. 2. 2 Some effects of obesity Obesity has a far-ranging negative effect on health. Based on the data from Health Effects of Obesity (2012) on the website stanfordhospital. rg, each year obesity-related conditions cover 150 billion dollars and cause an estimated 300,00 premature deaths in the US. This website gives the number of health effects associated with obesity including high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, joint problems, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, cancer, metabolic syndrome. Extra weight can raise the heart rate and reduce the body’s ability to transport blood through the vessels. This causes higher pressure on the artery walls and the increasing in blood pressure. Besides, obesity is the major causes of type 2 diabetes. Obesity can cause opposition to insulin, causing the blood sugar becomes boosted. The website also assures that atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) is present 10 times more often in obese people compared to those who are not obese. Obesity has not only physical effects but also mental effects. As stated in House of Commons Committee 2004 (2008), very overweight and obese people have reduced psychological health so their self-esteem and social intercommunication may be deteriorated. Obese people have to suffer from preconception and discrimination in many situations such as the fields of employment travel, schooling, healthcare. Society may have a negative opinion of overweight and obese people. Therefore, they can be apprehended in a negative way that makes them be anxious and depressed. As well as prejudicial effect on the individual, obesity contributes a financial burden on society as a whole. The House of Commons Committee 2004 (2008) on the website dwp. gov. uk also indicates that there is a huge cost to the economy from obesity-related ill-health, premature retirement, unemployment, premature death, benefit payments. The direct and indirect costs of obesity in England (2002) have been conservatively estimated at ? 3. 3 to ? 3. 7 billion. . 3. Solutions for obesity problem There are few solutions to obesity available but the more effective treatment is to eat a healthy and well-balanced diet. Like mentioned before, obesity is not a stand-alone problem. It is coupled with few of most severe diseases such as diabetes and cancer. The Obesity Solution (2009) on the website fastandquickweightloss. com state s that people should not follow and fad diets which deprive the body of some essential nutrients. By following such diets people can lose weight, but they cannot maintain it. Therefore, the most important aspect is to eat a healthy and balanced diet. Low calorie diets (LCD) to help create a deficit of 500 to 1,000 kcal/day should be an integral part of any program aimed at achieving a weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds per week but reducing dietary fat alone without reducing calories is not sufficient for weight loss ( Anne Collin 2007 ). Obesity Solution on the website weightlosswand. com suggests that obesity solutions do not come in the form of quick weight loss diets and these diet types should be avoided. Quick fix diets such as the Atkins diet which consists of no carbohydrates and high protein foods is extremely dangerous. Coupling a healthy diet with regular exercise is the best thing obese people can do for themselves. Regular workout is as important as good eating habits because exercise and physical activity have several benefits for overweight individuals (Marcel Dekker 1997, cited in George MD 1998, p. 228). Physical activity and exercise can maintain weight loss. Individuals who are more physically active are more likely maintain weight loss (George MD 1998, p. 230). Obese people must start slowly and then gradually increase the intensity of their workout. George MD (1998, p. 38) pointed out that physical activity should be increased to 20 to 30s minutes, 5 to 7 days a week to increase expenditure by 700 to 1,000 calories a week, or slightly more than 100 to 130 calories a day. There are some kinds of physical activity that help obese people fight overweight such as yoga, aerobic, walking and dancing. Besides the following treatments, drug treatment for obesity is also one of the solutions. Ther e are drugs that can reduce food consumption such as phentermine, diethylpropion, mazindol and sibutramine (George MD 1998, p. 254-256). Although drug safety and efficacy beyond 1 year of total treatment have not been conclusively established, weight loss drug therapy may be used in colligation with customary diet and exercise (Anne Collin 2007). However, when it comes to solutions for obesity, there are several tried and tested methods but none works better than a varied healthy lifestyle which consists of daily exercise and a balanced diet. 3. Conclusion Based on the findings above, it is clear that obesity is still a complicated problem. People are becoming more inactive and dependent much on modern equipment which increases the risk of being obese.

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Amina, African Warrior Queen of Zazzau

Amina, African Warrior Queen of Zazzau Known for:  warrior queen, extending the territory of her people.  While stories about her could be legends, scholars believe she was an actual person who ruled in what is now the Zaria province of Nigeria. Dates: about 1533 - about 1600Occupation: Queen of ZazzauAlso Known as: Amina Zazzau, princess of ZazzauReligion: Muslim Sources of the History of Amina Oral tradition includes many stories about Amina of Zazzau, but scholars generally accept that the stories are based on a real person who ruled Zazzau, a Hausa city-state which is now Zaria province in Nigeria. The dates of Aminas life and rule are in dispute among scholars.  Some place her in the 15th century and some in the 16th.  Her story does not appear in writing until Muhammed Bello wrote of her accomplishments in the  Ifaq al-Maysur  which dates to 1836. The Kano Chronicle, a history written in the 19th century from earlier sources, mentions her as well, putting her rule in the 1400s. She is not mentioned in the list of rulers written from oral history in the 19th century and published in the early 20th, though the ruler Bakwa Turunka  appears there, Aminas mother. The name Amina means truthful or honest. Background, Family Grandfather: probably ruler of ZazzauMother: Bakwa of Turunka, ruling queen of ZazzauBrother: Karama (ruled as king, 1566-1576)Sister: Zariya, for whom the city of Zaria may be namedAmina refused to marry and had no children About Amina, Queen of Zazzau Aminas mother, Bakwa of Turunka, was the founding  ruler of Zazzauas a kingdom, one of many Hausa city-kingdoms involved in trade.  The collapse of the Songhai empire left a gap in power that these city-states filled. Amina, born in the city of Zazzau, was trained in skills of government and military warfare and fought in battles with her brother, Karama. In 1566, when Bakwa died, Aminas younger brother Karama became king. In 1576 when Karama died, Amina, now about 43, became Queen of Zazzau. She used her military prowess to expand the territory of Zazzau to the mouth of the Niger in the south and including Kano and Katsina in the north. These military conquests led to great wealth, both because they opened more trading routes and because conquered territories had to pay tribute. She is credited with building walls around her camps during her military ventures, and with building a wall around the city of Zaria.  Mud walls around cities became known as Aminas walls. Amina is also credited with initiating the cultivation of kola nuts in the area she ruled. While she never married perhaps imitating Queen Elizabeth I of England and had no children, legends tell of her taking, after a battle, a man from among the enemy, and spending the night with him, then killing him in the morning so he could tell no stories. Amina ruled for 34 years before her death. According to the legend, she was killed in a military campaign near Bida, Nigeria. In Lagos State, at the National Arts Theatre, there is a statue of Amina.  Many schools are named for her.

Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Character Analysis - Essay Example is angry like when she declared â€Å"That was not a successful intervention, Ferret Face† after he declares that the family reaction to Rose’s behavior is â€Å"something that the whole family agrees upon.† Through Violet’s eyes, we can see the Rose desperately tries to reach out to reality but realizes she is becoming a burden, and she says â€Å"don’t hate me† to her mother in an attempt to make up for what she has done wrong unintentionally. The mother and the father are significant in the story as they present different views of how parents deal with mentally imbalanced children. One becomes too pragmatic that they become too detached with the situation, making them seem uncaring. This is significantly seen when she blatantly declares that her daughter â€Å"doesn’t need a heart to heart talk with mom, she needs a hospital.† But it is actually their shield to cover up for their fear as can be felt when she says â€Å"warrior queens†¦I raised warrior queens.† The other parent becomes the one attempting to shield himself from the reality of the situation. Like when the father insists that they talk more to Rose and when didn’t want to go to the woods when Rose finally killed

My point of view on assisted suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My point of view on assisted suicide - Essay Example Jack Kevorkian, an unrepentant medical practitioner who openly engaged in euthanasia among terminally ill patients and a recent case in the United Kingdom in which Mr. Alan Reyes of East London publicly helped his partner end his life and was subsequently arrested for the subsequent death of his partner of twenty eight years. Dr. Kevorkian, was incarcerated for eight years for helping people to die, and is reported to have participated in at least 130 assisted suicides. To understand the complexities surrounding euthanasia today as the debate continues, the followin will address both sides of the coin and explore euthanasia from a holistic perspective. This essay begins now with a concise introduction to euthanasia and the ethical, social and legal aspects of euthanasia in America (CNN 1999; BBC 2009; StopPain 2009). From an ethical and legal standpoint the euthanasia issue is heavily charged and polarizing. Anti-euthanasia advocates argue that doctor assisted suicide is murder and that it must be opposed on both ethical and legal grounds. Pro-euthanasia advocates believe that the right to life is an intrinsic right and no one can tell a person when he or she can end their life. The decision end one’s life is thus a personal decision and the state has no place telling a terminally ill person that he or she cannot make a conscious decision and choose to put an end to his or her life. From a purely legal standpoint, all forms of euthanasia remain illegal in all 48 of the 50 states of the United States (both Oregon and Washington presently allow a limited form of doctor-assisted suicide) and most of the Western world. In Europe, notable exceptions include Belgium, Luxemburg, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Despite this, all forms of doctor assisted suicide remain illegal in much of the deve loped world including the United Kingdom, France,

Important technical development Essay Example for Free

Important technical development Essay The most important technical development was the unitization of the liner shipping business. The shipping industry has been so successful at exploiting this technical development that the cost of sea transport has hardly increased. Coal and Oil cost little more to transport in the mid 1990s than in 1940s. Those important causes which are mostly affecting the demand for sea transport are 8 The World Economy : As it was discussed before that world economy with its output and trade is the most important single factor to generate demand for shipping and any crisis in the world economy reflects in the demand for shipping. In table 01 its clear that ups and downs of shipping demand is also proportionate to world trade. There are 03 different aspects of the world economy that may bring about change in the demand for sea transport ,which are- The Business Cycle: The business cycle lays the foundation for freight cycles. Fluctuation in the rate of economic growth work through in to the sea borne trade, creating a cycle pattern of demand for ships. For example, two major recession in shipping business in 1975 and 1981-1983 ,which co-incited with the recession of the world economy. This economic cycles arise from a combination of external and internal factors. The external factors include events such as wars or sudden changes in commodity prices such as crude oil, which cause a sudden change in demand. Internal factors refer to the dynamic structure of the world economy itself, which it is argued, leads naturally to a cyclical rather than linear growth path. Five of the most common business cycles are- I. The Multiplier and accelerator : The main internal mechanism which creates cycles is the interplay between consumption and investment. II. Time-lags: The delays between economic decision and their implementation can make cyclical fluctuation more extreme. The shipping markets provides and excellent example for this. During a shipping market boom, ship owners order ships that are not delivered until the market has gone into recession. When the arrival of the new ships at a time when there is already a surplus, further discourages new ordering just at the time when shipbuilders are running out of work. The result of their time lags is to make booms and recession more extreme and cyclical. III. Stock building : It produces sudden burst of demand as industries adjust their stocks during the business cycle. On several occasion shipping boom have been driven by short-term stock building by industry in anticipation of future shortage or price rises. Examples are the Korean war in 1952-53, the dry cargo boom of 1974-75, mini tankers boom in 1979 and summer 1986. Tanker booms were caused by temporary stock building by the world oil industry. IV. Mass psychology : If people act in an imitative manner a particular trend will build up to a level where they can affect the whole economic system. Their periods of optimism and pessimism become self fulfilling through the medium of stock exchanges, financial booms and the behaviour of investment. V. Random shocks : Random shocks such as wars, weather changes, new resources, commodity price changes, which upset the stability of economic system may contribute to the cyclical process. Its impact on the shipping market is often very severe ,for example ,1930s depression which followed by the wall street crash of 1929. Other two aspects are The trade elasticity and The trade development cycle-which are correlated to business cycle. Other factors which have very strong influence on shipping demand are Transport cost. Transport cost are an element in the costs of production and If transport Costs are low ,its possible for domestic commodities to be substituted for the cheaper goods supplied over great distances, which will create business opportunities for shipping. The globalisation of the world economy has reinforced the inherent and unique internationalism and fluidity of the shipping industry, while over the same period the industry has become vastly more productive, with very much larger, faster ships and new techniques such as containerisation. By understanding and exploiting world economic activities and trade pattern along with all the other factors stated above, which are mostly controlling the shipping demand, ship owners and shipping management can achieve maximum business profit. From table one it is clear that the future growth of world trade and out put will definitely create more demand for shipping. Thus the derived demand nature of shipping demand creating huge opportunity for ship owners and shipping management to profit from the ups and downs of world trade. References 1. whitepaper of DTLR on British Shipping Charting a New Course ,para-9,obtained from www. shipping. dtlr. gov. uk/cnc/index. html ,or menu-whitepaper, october2001. 2. Chrzanowski I, 1985, An Introduction To Shipping Economics, Fairplay Publications. 3. Abrahamsson B J, 1980,International Ocean Shipping: Current Concepts and Principal, WestView Press. 4. McConville J,1999,Economics of Maritime Tansport,p42,The Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers, London  www.isl.org

Making Ethical Bids in a Competitive Market :: Engineer Engineering Job Papers

Making Ethical Bids in a Competitive Market As the United States economy struggles through a sluggish time with the stock market dropping and unemployment rising, being competitive in the job market has become extremely important among professionals. Engineers are no exception. For most engineering firms, being competitive and successful requires obtaining design projects offered by companies in other fields. These projects can range from designing heating and ventilation systems for office buildings to water systems for cities to computer networks for businesses—the list of possibilities and disciplines is extensive. To get these jobs, engineers must make a bid proposal for the project. Bidding involves estimating the entire cost of the project, including the designing and building processes, as well as the materials and labor. Usually, the company with the lowest bid and the best plan gets the job. The ethical issue in this process is determining the cheapest building materials and construction procedures possible wit hout compromising public safety. The enormous responsibility that an engineer has when designing a project is often overlooked. His or her job is not only to create a design that will work under ideal conditions, but that will meet the regulations of environmental and building codes and will also survive the unpredictable forces of nature that structures are sometimes subjected to. An article in the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, "Structures are Held up by Both Skill and Luck,"1 describes many risks involved in the designing process and the failures that can occur when small details are overlooked. In light of a recent surge of failures in the Northwest, the article says: "While the Northwest has experienced some unusual weather conditions this year, the effects of these weather conditions were not all unpredictable. Many tragic failures in the Pacific Northwest (and in other parts of the country) can be traced to poor land-use planning decisions. Despite the availability of hazard mitigation information and qualified technical consultants, the information is often ignored and the consultants bypassed as development continues in the flood plains and on unstable hillsides. Often, unwise site selection and ill-conceived site development results in unnecessary exposure to severe natural hazards." Although the initial reason for not hiring a technical consultant in these cases of poor land choice is most likely an attempt to lower design and construction costs, in retrospect it seems obvious that the money spent on the expertise of a geotechnical engineer would have been significantly less than the "millions of dollars of direct losses and litigation costs.

Country Risk Analysis

Running head: COUNTRY RISK ANALYSIS Balance of Payment The current account balance of China amounts to 297. 1 bn US$ in the financial year 2009, whereas for the Guatemala it amounts to -0. 62 bn US$ in the same financial year (China's current-account balance 1982-2009). This implies that the current account balance of the home country stood at surplus as compared to that of the host country. As far as capital account is concerned, it amounts to 109. bn US$ in 2009 for China whereas for Guatemala was far less compared to that of China which implies that the home country's capital account balance is also at surplus in comparison to that of host country. Apart from the current account and the capital account balances of both the countries, the official gold holding of China as on December 2009 amounts to 1054 tonnes which was equivalent to 1. 5% of the of the national forex reserve, whereas for that of Guatemala, it was 6. tonnes in the same financial year equivalent to that of 4. 5% of the national forex reserve (Guatemala Economic Statistics and Indicators, 2010). Government variables: The government of China has been actively involved in formulating an effective fiscal policy so that the key projects can be easily financed by issuing government debt. Apart from the fiscal policy, the monetary policy is formulated in coordination to that of the fiscal policy so as to promote economic growth by containing deflation to the extent possible. As far as the monetary and the fiscal policy of Guatemala is concerned, a series of structural reform is done with a primary motive to increase the economic efficiency by strengthening balance of payments and controlling inflation. The monetary rate has been stable because of the strict fiscal administration and the abundance of natural resources. The legal court system of china is based on civil law which was divided into four level court system of which at the highest level is the supreme people's court, then local people's court and court of special jurisdiction lso known as special court. All these level of court systems ensure fairness in all the legal proceedings at china. The legal system of Guatemala follows a more of standard European prosecutorial model which implies providing evidence to the judge in an open public court so as to enable him to take decisions based on the evidence presented. As the decisions taken by the judge based on the evidence results into correct deci sions, this implies the fairness of the Guatemala's court system (Legal system of Guatemala). The corporate laws and regulations has been formulated in China as well as the Guatemala with an intention to protect the legitimate rights and interests of companies, shareholders and creditors (Company Law of the People's Republic of China, 2005). In order to comply with the world trade organization agreement on trade related aspect of intellectual property rights, China has strengthened its legal framework and has also amended its intellectual property rights. Counterfeiters and pirates has been the most in Chinese economy, as a result it is essential to have a better intellectual property right environment in china. Although the commitment from the central government official to tackle the problem is quite high but it has not been appropriate to deter the major IPR infringement. The intellectual property right is also not secure in guatemala due to the increased pirated related activities, hence government needs to take necessary action in order to solve such crucial problem. A trade union act has been formulated in accordance with the constitution to protect the positions of trade union which ultimately leads to the development of china's socialist movements. This act protects the legal rights of the employees. The activities of the union in the Guatemala has been pathetic. It has been increasingly violated after the enactment of Dominican republic central America trade agreement. The steps taken by the government becomes ineffective in addressing this concern (Labor Rights in Guatemala). Infrastructure: The transportation facility in China is improving as the government of china is investing huge funds in the development of roads, highway and expressway. Similar is the condition in vase of Guatemala where government is actively participating in improving the transportation facilities. The port of Tianjin is an international trading port in china of whose the land area is more than 20 km. Vessels of 70000-80000 dwt can sail in on the tide. Its through put was around 57. 87million tons. A notice on the management of foreign trade in free trade zone has been issued by the ministry of commerce and the general office of the general administration which clarifies the way through which foreign trade and distribution rights can be obtained by the operators inside the zone. In Guatemala also, there are various free trade zones along with many industrial parks which results into competitive advantage for the investors (China: Trading in Free Trade Zones, 2006). The banking, environmental and the educational factors are somewhat similar in both the countries. The banking in china has undergone lots of changes and it has remain in the hands of the government even after banks has given more autonomy. The educational activity on the part of the government is increasing in Guatemala as the education budget accounted for 15. % of the central government budget. The environmental issues in Guatemala are in relation to soil erosion, acid rain, water pollution etc. , whereas excessive growth has also raised various environmental issues in china. References: Company Law of the People's Republic of China, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/bizchina/2006-04/17/content_569258. htm China: Trading in Free Trade Zones, 2006. Retrieved Apr il 24, 2010 from http://www. hg. org/articles/article_1191. tml China's current-account balance 1982-2009. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. chinability. com/CurrentAccount. htm Guatemala Economic Statistics and Indicators, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. economywatch. com/economic-statistics/country/Guatemala/ Legal system of guatemala. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from www. oas. org/juridico/Mla/en/gtm/en_gtm-int-description. pdf Labor Rights in Guatemala. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from www. ghrc-usa. org/Publications/factsheet_LaborRights. pdf

Health Care Interface Design Essay

This paper is mainly discussing about the user interface design problems faced by the healthcare professionals in the healthcare industry with the applications in their handheld devices that assist them in dealing with daily routine work. The authors attempt to identify and address the key problems from the previous researches. To tackle these issues, a mobile user interface (UI) framework is reviewed as the basis for discussion and suggestion for improving future interface design for healthcare. The discussion also includes case study on the interface design of an existing medical applications available on iPhone as the example of evaluation. 1 Introduction In the dynamic healthcare industry, healthcare professionals are expected to be highly mobile, ready and on-the-go. Accessing instant medical information at work is required almost all the time. Instead of carrying bulky laptops around the workplace, most healthcare professionals are carrying with them handheld devices of either the Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) or smart phone nowadays. The applications commonly used by the healthcare professionals are those that enable them to have access to patients’ information, drugs information and administrative functions (Honeybourne et al, 2006). In order to keep them competent at workplace, usability of the mobile application is of vital important in ensuring that information can be retrieved by the healthcare professionals instantly at all conditions. In view of this, the objective of this paper is to understand the difficulties faced by this group of people with their mobile application and to provide insightful solutions to th ese problems in the context of user interface design. 2 Healthcare Interface Design Healthcare interface design is one of the important aspects many researchers are focusing on over the past decades. It is increasingly supported by multiple technologies including human computer interaction and media interactive design to improve the efficiency and quality. Generally, IT has the potential to provide healthcare professionals with faster access to patient information mainly by electronic healthcare records (EHCR) and medical knowledge resources (Volsko, 2004). These functions are normally associated with the use of stationary computers but also available on mobile technology such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), which can be used in a more flexible way than the stationary computers. A PDA is a small handheld computer popular for calendar and note functions (Lundby, 2002) but nowadays, PDAs are also employed in various medical applications, as well as in business and education environments (Volsko, 2004). A PDA allows large volumes of updated information to be stored in the pocket. It is the substitution or complement to laptops because it works as efficiently as a wireless mobile device that implies reading and computing data including images in a hospital environment. With connection to a computer it allows regular backups, data transfer and software downloads (Huffstutler, Wyatt & Wright, 2002). Different healthcare professionals have used the PDA to a various extent for different tasks, such as accessing patient records, writing prescriptions, billing, performing medical computations, e-mail, accessing the internet and medical textbooks (Miller, Beattie & Butt, 2003). 3 Problem Statements Although the latest PDAs and handheld mobile devices have increasing capabilities in getting information, there are still several issues affecting the user’s ability to access and use the information. Based on the studies by other researchers, the key issues are identified and addressed as follows: 3.1 Only Part of Screen is used to Show Information. Several studies done by researchers, who involved in healthcare PDA interface design, found that most of the healthcare professionals are not happy with the interface when it comes to display of information. Internet-based information or database information is usually delivered though web browsers of PDA. If only part of the screen is used to display information, users are unable to view the full information. Typically, the medical information is delivered inside one display window on the handheld device. Only part of the information is seen as it squeezed with other elements, for example, navigation buttons, menu, and etc. to fit into the window. Most of the browsers in the computer are able to switch to full screen display and this function enable users to hide the unwanted toolbars temporary while increasing screen space for information display. However, this was not available on the browser of handheld device. 3.2 Scrolling is Not Good Design for Healthcare Interface Design On top of that, research shows that most of the users do not like the scrolling button. Especially for users of healthcare information, they all agreed with the suggestion that scrolling should be avoided or at least minimized. In some interface design researches (e.g. Albers & Kim, 2001); researchers propose dragging the content presented on a screen as another solution for this problem. But this way has been proved that users are still not comfortable in other studies. As mentioned in previous research papers, healthcare information in the PDA devices should be able to use visualization and interactivity and minimize amount of text as much as possible on a screen. Scrolling is obviously not function for this purpose. Usually, information of healthcare for learning is better to be designed in the way of representation, so that the information can be delivered only in one screen. Lots of experiences feedback has shown t hat large amounts of information can be organized and effectively presented in this way. 3.3 Switching between Portrait and Landscape Mode Switching between portrait and landscape mode is functionality that traditionally has been available as tailored functionality in specific applications, where the developers have found it useful. At least on the PocketPC platform, using only landscape mode as an alternative to portrait used to be quite common in games, but applications supporting both have been rare – at least for the application as such, it is more common for special features like showing a picture in full screen mode. During the last years, switching between landscape and portrait has become standard functionality in the operating system of most platforms (including Windows Mobile, Symbian S60v3 and v5, iPhone/iPod Touch ) and all included applications support the switching. Also, some devices supporting these platforms use landscape mode as standard when the built-in HW keyboard is used. This facilitates having a larger keyboard than models using platforms only offering portrait mode. 3.4 Handheld Devices is Harmful to Eyesight In the recent reports, users are concern with their handheld devices will have harmful impact to their eyesight, if users use the devices to search complex information, e.g. patient historic data, frequently and in long time. A recent article in the Wall Street Journal (Spencer, 2006) stated that the impact of a small screen device might have serious impact on an individual’s eyesight. In this article, author described a case study, which can be used to prove that a person who uses PDA devices would be affected especially in eyesight. 3.5 Lack of Short Contacts and Task Centeredness A healthcare handheld device usually assists and supports a user in his or her activities, e.g., searching patient information, scheduling time for doctors, looking for relevant medicine information and so on. Most of handheld devices for healthcare do not provide the function, which is to plan user’s tasks simultaneously. The short contact with device is useful and usually short in terms of time (e.g., reviewing the tasks and timetables, computing the amount of medicine, viewing the professional introduction from remote doctors, or making a personal note). Considering this useful function, many healthcare interface users demand to have this way, which is provided short contacts and task centeredness in a simple action on a small screen. Healthcare information plays a significant role, which is supplements for user’s intelligence and supports their needs of rapid and convenience information retrieval way using the functions of the device at hand. Portability ensures dat abases or information is always available to access and provides support at anytime and anywhere whenever needed. 3.6 Lack of Rapid Interaction One of the healthcare interface design purpose is the information and database materials should be provided through visualization and interactivity and the devices can deliver all necessary information with a single screen. Some interactive elements are necessary, for example, hot-spots and button. Those elements would be integrated in a learning object should provide immediate feedback to the learner. Rapid interactions, such as moving a button, should result in immediate updates on the screen according to a user’s action. This is useful for healthcare information users, as they would change elements frequently but they don’t have enough time to modify every single element, which is affected by this change. Other alternative is the ability for customization services or functions for design interactive method to communicate with their handheld devices. They want to move or redesign the buttons, arrows and sliders depending on their needs. 4 Mobile User Interface Design In this section, the mobile user interface design guideline that has been identified will be addressed accordingly. The guideline that has been selected will be used in the subsequent section to resolve the common problems faced by the healthcare professionals with their current mobile applications (Zafar, 2009). 4.1 Learnability The mobile device should provide easy and simple interface for users when they firstly use the application. To define simple interface is where the application should only provide limited functions in the application to allow users to achieve the goal easily. Complex system will require users to explore and study each features provided in the application will eventually turn the users off. 4.2 Efficiency Efficiency in this context refers to the number of steps that required for user to accomplish the goal. Key task should be as direct as possible, key features are preferable to be available on the first page when the application is launched without wasting unnecessary time. 4.3 Memorability The user interface should be easy to use every time the users interact with the application. With simple and easy interface, user has higher tendency to use the application repeatedly, as memorability is related to the frequency of the users utilize the application. 4.4 Error Recovery Ideally, a perfect interface shall not allow mistakes, but in reality that there is always bug and errors for the applications. Therefore, application should be able to recovery from the error and return to the latest operation that has performed by the user to reduce data loss and damage to increase the confident of the users towards the application. 4.5 Simplicity Although the interface design should be easy and simple for all the usual task, nevertheless less common task need to be possible as well to provide a complete solution for the users. However, unnecessary functions should be avoided to reduce complexity. Lastly, visual design and layout should be uncluttered to attract users for re-using it. 4.6 Mapping The expectation of users towards the application is very important, the application should provide feedback and return result base on the action made by the users. As each feature / function should map the expectation of the users. 4.7 Visibility In term of the visibility perspective, important information should be visible at the application, while less important information can be display in the features or to be selected if necessary to reduce complexity of the interface at the glance for the users. But ultimately, understanding the users goal is crucial as that will determine the information / contents to be displayed in the main screen when the application is launched. 4.8 Feedback Being able to prompt appropriate feedback to the users so that users will be aware that the application is executing the action is important. By providing proper feedback, users will not tend to repeat the command or waiting if the application is running. 4.9 Consistency By satisfying users’ expectations towards the application, likewise functions should be displayed and acted in the consistent and systematic way across the application. There should not be many changes when users select each features of the application. 4.10 Satisfaction Ultimately, overall satisfaction of the users towards the application is the keynote. An application is successful if it is used repeatedly with good feedback from users and users are comfortable with each features provided in the application.

Definition and Examples of English Imperative Sentences

Definition and Examples of English Imperative Sentences In English grammar, an imperative  sentence  gives advice or instructions; it can also express a request or command. These kinds of sentences are also known as directives because they provide direction to whoever is being addressed. Types of Imperative Sentences Directives can take one of several forms in everyday speech and writing. A few of the most common uses include: A request: Pack enough clothing for the cruise.An invitation: Come by at 8, please.A command: Raise your hands and turn around.An instruction: Turn left at the intersection. Imperative sentences can be confused with other kinds of sentences. The trick is to look at how the sentence is constructed. (You) Are the Subject Imperative sentences may seem to have no subject, but the implied subject is you, or, as it is properly called, you understood. The proper way to write the subject is (you) in parenthesis, especially when diagramming an imperative sentence. Even when a proper name is mentioned in an imperative sentence, the subject still is you understood. Example: Jim, close the door before the cat gets out! - The subject is (you), not Jim. Imperative vs. Declarative Sentences Unlike a declarative sentence, where the subject and verb are clearly articulated, imperative sentences do not have a readily identifiable subject when written out. The subject is implied or  elliptical, meaning that the verb refers directly back to the subject. In other words, the speaker or the author assumes they have (or will have) their subjects attention. Declarative sentence: John does his chores.Imperative sentence: Do your chores! Imperative vs. Interrogative Sentences An imperative sentence typically begins with the  base form of a verb  and ends with a  period  or an  exclamation point. However, it can also end with a question mark in some instances. The difference between a question (also called an interrogative statement) and an imperative sentence is the subject and whether its implied. Interrogative sentence: Would you please open the door for me, John?Imperative sentence: Please open the door, would you? Modifying an Imperative Sentence At their most basic, imperative sentences are binary, which is to say they must be either positive or negative. Positive imperatives use affirmative verbs in addressing the subject; negatives do the opposite.   Positive: Keep both hands on the steering wheel while youre driving.Negative: Dont operate the lawnmower without wearing safety goggles. Adding the words do or just to the beginning of the sentence, or the word please to the conclusion- called softening  the imperative  - makes imperative sentences more polite or conversational. Softened  imperatives: Do your chores, please. Just sit here, wont you? As with other forms of grammar, imperative sentences can be modified to address a particular subject, follow a proprietary written style, or simply add variety and emphasis to your writing. Adding Emphasis Imperative sentences also can be modified to single out a particular person or to address a group. This can be accomplished in one of two ways: by following the interrogative with a tag question or by closing with an exclamation point. Tag question: Shut the door, would you, please?Exclamative: Someone, call a doctor! Doing so in both instances adds emphasis and drama to speech and writing.

How to Take Good News Interview Notes

How to Take Good News Interview Notes Even in an age of digital voice recorders, a reporter’s notebook and pen are still necessary tools for print and online journalists. Voice recorders are great for capturing every quote accurately, but transcribing interviews from them can often take too long, especially when you’re on a tight deadline. (Read more about voice recorders vs. notebooks here.) Still, many beginning reporters complain that with a notepad and pen they can never take down everything a source says in an interview, and they worry about writing fast enough in order to get quotes exactly right. So here are five tips for taking good notes. 1. Be Thorough – But Not Stenographic You always want to take the most thorough notes possible. But remember, you’re not a stenographer. You don’t have to take down absolutely everything a source says. Keep in mind that you’re probably not going to use everything they say in your story. So don’t worry if you miss a few things here and there. 2. Jot Down the ‘Good’ Quotes Watch an experienced reporter doing an interview, and you’ll probably notice that she isn’t constantly scribbling notes. That’s because seasoned reporters learn to listen for the â€Å"good quotes† – the ones they’re likely to use - and not worry about the rest. The more interviews you do, the better you’ll get at writing down the best quotes, and at filtering out the rest. 3. Be Accurate - But Don’t Sweat Every Word You always want to be as accurate as possible when taking notes. But don’t worry if you miss a â€Å"the,† â€Å"and,† â€Å"but† or â€Å"also† here and there. No one expects you to get every quote exactly right, word-for-word, especially when you’re on a tight deadline, doing interviews at the scene of a breaking news event. It IS important to be accurate get the meaning of what someone says. So if they say, â€Å"I hate the new law,† you certainly don’t want to quote them as saying they love it. Also, when writing your story, don’t be afraid to paraphrase (put in your own words) something a source says if you’re not sure you got the quote exactly right. 4. Repeat That, Please If an interview subject talks fast or if you think you misheard something they said, don’t be afraid to ask them to repeat it. This can also be a good rule of thumb if a source says something especially provocative or controversial. â€Å"Let me get this straight – are you saying that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is something reporters are often heard to say during interviews. Asking a source to repeat something is also a good idea if youre not sure you understand what theyve said, or if theyve said something in a really jargony, overly complicated way. For instance, if a police officer tells you a suspect made egress from the domicile and was apprehended following a foot chase, ask him to put that into plain English, which will probably be something to the effect of, the suspect ran out of the house. We ran after him and caught him. Thats a better quote for your story and one thats easier to take down in your notes. 5. Highlight the Good Stuff Once the interview is done, go back over your notes and use a checkmark to highlight the main points and quotes that you’re most likely to use. Do this right after the interview when your notes are still fresh.

Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Innovation Essay

Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Innovation - Essay Example The present research has identified that entrepreneurship is the act of taking a risk to offer at a fee for a product or a service to the market in order to make an income. The process of entrepreneurship involves identification of a problem and formulation of a workable solution to counter the problem. Innovation is the means by which something is conducted in a unique manner or differently. The two concepts are much related to entrepreneurs rely on innovation as a tool to help him provide a product or a service in the market. Innovation might employ the use of technology that entrepreneurs exploit to offer what they have to sell to the community. In the process of conducting a business as an entrepreneur challenges arise in each step of the way. Innovation helps entrepreneurs solve such challenges in a clever way that helps them stay afloat. Entrepreneurs calculate a risk and minimize it using innovations. The tool is applied in adapting to new market trends where the most innovati ve entrepreneur always remains relevant in the business even after the introduction of new products into the market. There is a more direct relationship between innovation and the performance of an individual or an organization considering them in an entrepreneurial context. The quality of service delivery and products are directly linked to the two subjects under discussion. When there is innovation, the individual or organization experiences a competitive advantage over his peers in the industry. It is easier for an organization to take informed steps and well-calculated risks with the application of innovation as a tool in delivering a product or a service. When the two relationships are good on an organizational or individual basis there are increased benefits from an increased market share, ROI (return on investment), new products, fast-mover advantage on products and the overall firm success.

Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants Essay - 1

Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants - Essay Example They enjoyed movement, freedom and fun, but as soon as the lady is pregnant, the man can not stand the fact that now he must settle down like the stable hills. The Bamboo Bead Curtain is another symbol. It makes us think about boundaries or borders. The apparent divide between Jig and the man is their difference of opinion. Jig wants to keep the baby while the man is not ready for fatherhood, especially because they don’t seem to have been married at the moment. The pregnancy itself is a curtain that precludes communication between the two. At the end of the story the ‘curtain’ of difference turns to be an unbreakable wall. The frequent orders for beer and the beer itself also represent the use of a substance to obstruct smooth communication. Instead of discussing the important issue that has come up, they keep on asking for beer just to obstruct the communication between them. The beer also represents an element to quench their thirst for unanswered questions: These questions never seem to be satisfactorily answered and Jig is extremely thirsty for the answer. And in the event that they have no answer, the beer seems to act as a quenching element although liquid is not exactly her craving. These symbols make us involve intellectually into the story for, it is often difficult to understand them. Once we understand what those symbols represent, they also involve us emotionally into the story especially while sympathizing with

Fairness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Fairness - Essay Example In order to deal with aforementioned workplace issues, the government policy-makers have been focusing on greater regulation of employment practices through effective implementation of existing federal, state and local laws. In simple words, regulation is an attempt to enhance the bargaining power of employees who, in most cases, are the victims of unfair practices of employers (the dominant party). For instance, if workplace laws are not correctly implemented then the dominant party (either employees or workers) may create disciplinary issues, thereby leading to workplace unfairness. However, if laws are not followed then the guilty party has to bear adverse consequences in the form of suits and claims for damages. HR managers also have significant importance because today they are viewed as employee advocates and strategic partners. Therefore, HR managers communicate with strategic planners to comply with workplace legislations for greater workplace fairness that reduces absenteeis m, conflicts and turnover rates; while leading to greater organisational harmony, cost efficiency and business growth. Law-makers could make legislations fool-proof through eradication on any shortcomings, could enhance workplace fairness through audits (visits for check and balance), through surveys and interviews with employees, and through evaluation of employers’ practices. 1. Background / Introduction Today, we are living in a globalised world which is highly competitive and challenging for employers and employees. The growth of media, developments and advancements in information technology followed by improvements in communication networks have forced the companies to change their business strategies and to focus more on product development, market development and diversification in addition to orthodox market penetration policy / strategy / tactic. Without any doubt, the emergence of mass media has greatly affected / influenced the attitudes, perceptions, behaviours, b eliefs and lifestyles of people all across the globe, thereby compelling the people (who are also potential customers of business enterprises) to consider themselves a part of this globalised world. The entrance of new enterprises in corporate arena has intensified the competition among firms; hence every entity is more focused towards cost leadership so that it could ensure business survival and expansion. For instance, the companies also face financial burden because they are morally and ethically obliged to offer workplace benefits followed by provision of safe and healthy working conditions. In addition, the companies have also been found discriminating against potential workers on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, age, language disability and colour. Therefore, the evident violations of employee moral and ethical rights have compelled government authorities to formulate and implement workplace laws, rules and regulations as an attempt towards assuring workplace fairness. Su ch laws include â€Å"

The British Foreign Policy

The British Foreign Policy This essay aims to establish the role the Prime Minister plays in setting, shaping and implementing foreign policy in the UK by exploring decision-making patterns by former Prime Ministers in the related field, as well as current governments choices and aspirations on the international arena, and the contribution of Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and other bodies. As Paul Williams (2004: 911) noted that foreign policy is not made in a political vacuum it is paramount to take into consideration Britain`s national interest in international relations and the countrys position in the existing paradigm of world politics. First, it will define what foreign policy is and why it takes a special place in policy making. Foreign policy will be analysed against following factors: globalisation, public opinion and national interest. Also, it will summarize the key models of the Foreign Policy Analysis (Allison 1971) and question their effectiveness and drawbacks. Second, the essay will refer to case studies on the subject to bring empirical data into analysis. The case studies include the Europeanization of the foreign policy in the UK, the US-UK intervention in Iraq in terms of the ethical foreign policy. They will help to access the role played by foreign policy makers. Given the length of this essay it will not comment in detail on the influence of NGOs, British ambassadors abroad and the economy; however, they are undeniable parts of foreign policy-making process. Finally, the essay will discuss a possible course of action for the UK to take in order to achieve a successful foreign policy and bring back the power to British decision-makers. What could be done to overcome common thinking of foreign policy being about getting our way in an unhelpful world (Cradock 1997: 99-100). What foreign policy is? Definition, context, goals In the modern world it is impossible to imagine a country without a well-defined set of rules of behaviour towards its geopolitical neighbours and economic partners. The question remains, however, as to what extent foreign policy represents interests of leaders, political parties and general public of a particular country. Collective coping with the international environment is, indeed, a useful shorthand definition of foreign policy according to Christopher Hill (2003: 9) but this definition leaves infinite variants of interpretation of what collective is and who plays the leading role in doing so the Prime Minister, the Foreign Secretary, a collaboration of both, official agents interpreting and implementing policies or influence of powerful countries that Britain has close relationship with? In order to understand who conducts the British foreign policy it is essential to outline the policy goals first. William Hague, the current Foreign Secretary, in his speech on the 1st of July, 2010 promises to deliver a distinctive British foreign policy that extends our global reach and influence, that is agile and energetic in a networked world, that uses diplomacy to secure our prosperity, that builds up significantly strengthened bilateral relations for Britain, that harnesses the appeal of our culture and heritage to promote our values, and that sets out to make the most of the abundant opportunities of the 21st century systematically and for the long-term. So for the first time in years in my view Britain will have a foreign policy that is clear, focused and effective. His statement highlights the fact that UK foreign policy is not pursuing one goal; on the contrary, it seeks to accomplish multiple aims: to extend Britain global influence, to secure prosperity, to promote values through culture, etc. Successfully achieving them means achieving each part separately which involves resources and actors in different areas. As a result some policies might overlap and even contradict one another (Williams 2004: 913) and it is worthwhile looking at specific parts of the policy rather than a whole. Foreign policy has been characterised by being overly secretive and elitist which makes it more complicated to trace the decision-making process. Foreign policy takes a special place in the whole policy-making field as it is closely linked with politics. It should not come as a surprise since it deals with sensitive issues like intelligence services and diplomacy, which seldom become available to general public, for obvious reasons: the information might fall into the wrong hands and undermine the objectives set by the policy. Nevertheless, it is possible to comprehend in which direction foreign policy is headed based on the past decisions made by politicians and the impact they made at the time. This direction a state chooses to follow depends greatly on the personality of a leader, current administration and economic situation a state finds itself in. Foreign policy is conducted in complex internal and international environments; it results from coalitions of active actors and grou ps situated both inside and outside state boundaries; it involves bargaining and compromise affecting the interests of both domestic and international groups (Neak cited in Carlsnaes 2008). Foreign Policy Analysis To analyse foreign policy scientifically Graham Allison (1971) in his work Essence of Decision comes up with three models of decision-making related to foreign affairs (known as Foreign Policy Analysis) trying to explain the reasons and causes behind states decisions in a crisis. The first model, Rational Actor Model (RAM), assumes that a single actor (state) makes decisions upon a calculation of possible outcomes, thus decisions are rational reactions to a particular situation. It can be said that state chooses a course of action in line with its national interest trying to avoid losses and maximize benefits. The second model, Organizational Process Behaviour (OPB), is characterised by decision made by multiple organisations that look back at previous precedent and act accordingly. Thus it tries to bring down the importance of central control in decisions. The final model, Bureaucratic Politics, is summarized by Allisons own words where you sit determines where you stand, meaning t hat governmental organizations normally have a preferred way of dealing with an international crisis. These models were used by the scholar to apply different lenses to explain the origins of the Cuban Missile Crisis and establish how and why the USA and the USSR came to the choices they made during the conflict. Allison admits that these three models are not capable of encompassing all possible variants, his study became a milestone in FPA as it attempted to present social science capable of achieving clear and objective explanations of social and political actions. Stein (2008) develops the idea of rational-decision making further: in order for a policy maker to make a rational choice, he/she needs to value how reliable the information is, and whether it comes from a trustworthy source. Moreover, any new information that might turn up has to be evaluated against diagnostic evidence that takes into consideration the consequences the policy maker is considering. Who is in charge? On paper it is the Foreign Secretary who conducts foreign policy in the UK although it hasnt always been the case. The Prime Minister retains the power to declare war and deploy military troops, making the fragile equilibrium of power shift. Tony Blair has shown that depending on who is leading the country, the style of policy-making changes dramatically. During New Labour the most important decisions on foreign policy were not taken at the FCO but in the Cabinet. His leadership earned the name interventiolalist as Britain took part in several military operations: Barras in Sierra Leone, Desert Fox in Iraq amongst others. It is the Prime Ministers decision whether to send troops into combat or not and Blair chose to consult not the cabinet as a whole but rather small ad hoc committees of advisers. Anthony Sheldon (2004: 692) named these groups denocracy as their meetings took place in Blairs office, the den. Such exclusiveness promotes confusion as a small circle of trusted ministers and advisors gives an impression that the policy as a whole is reactive rather than proactive. It is worthwhile mentioning that the UK is a parliamentary monarchy and the Queen is the official ruler in the UK. Although her power is mostly of a ceremonial nature, nevertheless, she plays an important role in representing the country at various levels: the UK, the Commonwealth and internationally. In her speech to the Parliament on the 9th of May 2012 the Queen set the following agenda: to strengthen oversight of the security and intelligence agencies, to seek approval of Parliament on the anticipated accession of Croatia to the EU, to support a secure and stable Afghanistan, to reduce the threat of nuclear proliferation in Iran and to build strategic partnerships with the emerging powers. These goals show that the Queen is far from being above politics, on the contrary, she is greatly concerned with Britains position in the fast developing world and foreign policy is one of her concerns. Factors influencing the British foreign policy: American influence The UK boasts to have a special relationship with the USA in terms of foreign policy. British foreign policy has privileged the idea of working closely with the United States, particularly in the area of international security, where the UK has provided the largest and most effective non-US contingent to three American-led conflicts in recent years twice in Iraq and once in Afghanistan (Wallace and Phillips, 2009: 267). The two countries have been allies for a long period of time and acted accordingly. Britain considers its international relations with the USA to be as important as its ties with Europe, if not more. However, in the light of Britain losing its imperial power long ago and the hegemonic rise of the US, arguably, Britain plays along with the American directives. This was the case in all interventions where the USA took part in the last 60 years except the conflict in the Falklands. It appears that Britain is torn among its own interests, the EU integration and Anglo-American ties (Atlanticism). Blair decided to strengthen the countrys position by addressing these three issues at once. The USA will benefit from a special relationship with the UK when making decisions in Europe and vice versa. This special relationship (Wallace and Philips 2009: 267-274) includes defence cooperation, military nuclear cooperation, provision of bases to the United States and intelligence relationship. But does Britain get out as much as the USA in this relationship? The answer to this question remains unclear: On issues as varied as the Kyoto Treaty, the Ottawa Treaty banning landmines, the war in Kosovo, the attack on Afghanistan, the Middle East peace process, the Iraq war and subsequent occupation, or the holding of British captives at Guantà ¡namo Bay, there has been little evidence of the UKs ability to shape US policy. Indeed, British governments, in clinging to the idea of the special relationship, have generally overlooked the fact that the US has several privileged relationships, notably with Mexico, Israel, Australia, Italy and Poland. (Wallace 2009: 65) While Brits assume that Americans hold certain sentiment towards shared past and noble goals, the USA might be pursuing its own national interest instead. Riddell (2003) argues that America is not disposed to sacrifice national interest on the altar of nostalgia or sentiment and shows scant regard for those who do. It shows that no matter who the USA considers to be its allies, it is going to pursue its own national interest and foreign policy. Tony Blair was not the first Prime Minister who chose to play a bigger role in foreign-policy making. Margaret Thatcher in her role as the Prime Minister had her own very specific view on how to conduct foreign policy. Her initiative to take part in the military conflict in the Falklands wasnt supported by the USA at first which didnt stop her. She had very distinctive views about Anglo-European relationship as well and the FCO was often excluded from the decision-making process. She blamed the FCO for being pro-European and considered creating a separate body to counteract the FCOs dominance in foreign policy-making. The UK and the EU: the FCO adapting to Europeanization While Anglo-American relations occupy an important place in Britains foreign policy there is another undeniable partner that has become more and more relevant in the recent years the European Union. British policy-makers have traditionally accorded a higher priority to transatlantic security relations than to relations with their European partners. This is despite having enjoyed arguably more success in shaping the actions of the EU than in influencing key decisions in Washington. In recent years, and on crucial issues such as defence, energy and environmental policy, Tony Blair played a crucial role in shaping the EU agenda. (Wall cited in Menon, 2010) After Britain joined the EU (EEC) in 1973 it became apparent that the country needs to integrate into the EU and to do so it had to adapt and reform its foreign policy. The FCO anticipated the changes both with suspicion and high hopes for a stronger Europe. Inevitably the line between domestic and foreign has become thinner and thinner as the EU touched upon an array of issues. Since the creation of the EU has influenced its member states so greatly it is argued that they became Europeanized. Bulmer and Burch (1998: 602) define Europeanization as the extent to which EC/EU requirements and policies have affected the determination of member states policy agendas and goals. Arguably the FCO lost part of its power to the EU in terms of policy-making towards Europe. The FCO wanted to retain its power as a sole determinant of Britains national interest. David Allen (2008: 3) points out that the FCOs position within British central government has been both enhanced and challenged by European integration. At the same time David Milliband (2009) emphasizes how important albeit difficult the integration is we can lead a strong European foreign policy or lost in hubris, nostalgia or xenophobia watch our influence in the world wane. Structurally, a Permanent Under-Secretary (PUS) remains as the top role of the FCO. PUS coordinates the FCOs work overseas and its administration. Another key role is held by Political Director, who makes sure that Britains interests are represented at European Political Cooperation (EPS), which is now effectively the top policy advisory post. Allen (2008) explains how these posts work as a tandem: The specific position of Political Director can be explained in terms of Europeanization in that the FCO willingly adapted its management structure so as to effectively participate in the EPC. This adaptation has led to spillover whereby the Political Director now plays a larger role than perhaps originally intended. However, the different roles played by the PUS and Political Director are the result of both EU membership and other factors, especially the need for improved management within the FCO. Britain remains being euro-sceptic towards further integration in the EU, it repeatedly criticises the current weakness of the economy in Europe and is not satisfied with being a member of the three major states (along with Germany and France) that have to help out weaker countries sometimes at their own expense. However, in the era of globalisation further integration is inevitable and the UK is more Europeanized than it thinks is. At a general level British foreign policy has undoubtedly been affected by a process of Europeanization, although the extent to which this has impacted upon actual policy will vary from issue to issue. In particular, British policy has been Europeanized at an ideological level, in regard to foreign policy-making, and in relation to the agenda and content of policy. However, the process of Europeanization has not entirely subsumed a distinctly British foreign policy. In this sense, successive British governments have been quite successful at using the European level of foreign policy to achieve its own objectives and simultaneously prevent unnecessary levels of integration. (Williams, 2002) Paradoxically, the EU shouldnt have foreign policy in the first place as it is not a sovereign state. Because of Maastricht Treaty 1993 the EU member states are committed to a common European and Security policy (CFSP) which enables them to pursue their own national interests but at the same time to coordinate them on the European level. This can be achieved with the help of the European Community, the CFSP and Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) which are responsible for different policy issues such as external economic relations, political and security question, international crime and terrorism respectively. Sometimes events on a global scale are capable to change foreign policy almost overnight. The 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York transformed British, European and American foreign policy and only after three days, on the 14th of September, the EU passed a declaration on European arrest warrants and measures to combat terrorism. This brings another foreign-policy dilemma the ethical dimension. As Tone Blair declared to bring human rights at the very heart of foreign-policy it remains unclear which ethics British foreign policy should pursue. The war on terror had best intentions in its core; nevertheless, Britain has to draw a line on its use of power to do so. Blair followed the doctrine of liberal interventionism, promoting liberal beliefs and sometimes imposing it on the countries with contrasting views: Afghanistan, East Timor, Iraq, Kosovo, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo. If democracy and the rule of law are imposed in a non-negotiable way it becomes unethical as a result. Cases such as Iraq invasion in 2003 bring to attention this delicate matter in foreign policy. There was no direct threat to either US or UK sovereignty, the public polls disapproved of the intervention, yet both countries favoured the invasion. The workings of the EU institutional system mean that the coalition government may also struggle to exert the influence it desires. Britain already suffers from its exclusion from and lack of clear engagement with a key consultative forum the Eurogroup (comprising those member states that have adopted the euro). This structural weakness is only heightened by the absence of the Conservative Party from the European Peoples Party, whose members include the German Chancellor, the French President and the President of the European Commission. David Cameron will not be able to attend their pre-summit meetings, at which they coordinate negotiating positions. In other ways too, Conservative suspicions of European integration may limit the ability of the UK to achieve all that it could within the framework of the Union. What is more, to be reliable and effective foreign policy must attract domestic legitimacy, which means involving the public in the same kind of continuous dialogue as takes place over tax or transport policy. If we can accept the centrality of foreign policy in our political life without seeing it as a way of merely exporting our own superiority, we shall stand a better chance of, first, coping collectively with outsiders; second, making a contribution to a more stable and civilized international system; and third, avoiding the kind of catastrophic mistakes which cost hundreds of millions of individuals their lives in the last century, the century of progress. Public opinion and media shaping foreign policy Public opinion is another important lens of foreign-policy making. As we live in a world where communication has become instantaneous powered by digital media both politicians and policy-makers try to use it to their advantage. According to Robinson (2008) there exist two models capable of analyzing the impact of public opinion and media on a policy. The pluralist model suggests that the media and publics are independent of political influence and, as such, can act as a powerful constraint upon governments. The elite model, on the contrary, assumes that media act merely as mouthpieces for government officials, operating to mobilize publics in support of respective policies. The case of the polls on the Iraq War in the UK showed that although the majority disagreed with Tony Blairs decision to engage in the conflict, they did not stop the Prime Minister from changing his course of action. The consequences of this decision resulted in Blair not being re-elected, as the media coverage r evealed more details about the rising number of casualties in the war. Bias of the media should also be put under scrutiny the newspapers in the UK (as well as the rest of the world) often cater to different political parties promoting a certain agenda and delivering a policy chosen by that party to the public. Thus, it is extremely difficult to account for the influence of the media due to the fact that public opinion might not be partial having been shaped by the media. Foreign policy is always the product of a society, a polity, interpreting its situation and choosing who chooses is another matter to act or react in a particular, unpredetermined way. Conclusion In conclusion there is not a definite answer to who conducts the British foreign policy. Different Prime Ministers showed a ranging level of involvement into foreign policy-making process. Factors such as Europeanization, the US-UK alliance, public opinion and economic crisis make it more difficult to understand to what extent one person or several people (the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary along with advisors) can follow through with the propositions set at the beginning of a governments term. The process of foreign-policy making involves civil servants, ministers and officials of all spectrums as well as independent advisors, experts from the UK and worldwide. While most significant decisions are made by the Prime Minister, he makes his choice based on the data and evidence he has been given. Finally, it is not enough to simply formulate foreign policy, the major stages of the policy-making process fall onto the shoulders of civil servants who interprete, implement and pr esent the policy. Moreover, there are multiple foreign policies in the UK which demand different approaches. If the UK wants to remain its international power that has been in decline after the fall of the Empire and maintain the foreign policy that is coherent at all stages of the policy-making process, it needs to find balance between pursuing its national interest, skilfully presenting and implementing the policy at the domestic and the international levels and managing the members involved in the process. Britain faces not a menu of alternative routes to far-reaching international influence, but a choice between imperfect options (Cradock 1997). UK needs to go through the three-step process identified by Christopher Layne (cited in Menon, 2010) determining the countrys vital interests, identifying threats to these and deciding how best to deploy national resources in order to protect them.