Common Bus System Simulation

Common Bus System Simulation In this project we are going to perform simulation on 16 bit common bus. To Understand what is common bus let us first discuss what is bus itself, A bus is set of parallel lines that information (data,addresses, instructions and other information)passes on internal architecture of a computer. Information travels on buses as a series of pulses , each pulse representing a one bit or a zero bit Buses are coming in various sizes such as 4 bits,8 bits,16 bits, 12 bits,24 bits,32 bits ,64 bits,80 bits,96 bits and 128 bits. From the size of bus we can determine that how many bit a bus will carry in parallel.The speed of the is how fast it moves data along the path. This is usually measured in MegaHertz(MHz) or millions of times or second. Data Carried by bus in a second is called as capacity of the bus.In buses there is concept of internal and external buses, Bus inside a processor is called is called as internal and outer to processor is called as external bus. A bus master is a combination if circuits , control microchips, and internal software that control the movement of information between major componenets inside the computer. A processor bus is a bus inside the processor. Some processor designs simplify the internal structure by having one or two processor buses. In a single processor bus system, all information is carried around inside the processor on one processor bus. In a dual processor bus system, there is a source bus dedicated to moving source data and a destination bus dedicated to moving results. An alternative approach is to have a lot of small buses that connect various units inside the processor. While this design is more complex, it also has the potential of being faster, especially if there are multiple units within the processor that can perform work simultaneously (a form of parallel processing). A system bus connects the main processor with its primary support components, in particular connecting the processor to its memory. Depending on the computer, a system bus may also have other major components connected. A data bus carries data. Most processors have internal data buses that carry information inside the processor and external data buses that carry information back and forth between the processor and memory. An address bus carries address information. In most processors, memory is connected to the processor with separate address and data buses. The processor places the requested address in memory on the address bus for memory or the memory controller (if there is more than one chip or bank of memory, there will be a memory controller that controls the banks of memory for the processor). If the processor is writing data to memory, then it will assert a write signal and place the data on the data bus for transfer to memory. If the processor is reading data from memory, then it will assert a read signal and wait for data from memory to arrive on the data bus. In some small processors the data bus and address bus will be combined into a single bus. This is called multiplexing. Special signals indicate whether the multiplexed bus is being used for data or address. This is at least twice as slow as separate buses, but greatly reduces the complexity and cost of support circuits, an important factor in the earliest days of computers, in the early days of microprocessors, and for small embedded processors (such as in a microwave oven, where speed is unimportant, but cost is a major factor). An instruction bus is a specialized data bus for fetching instructions from memory. The very first computers had separate storage areas for data and programs (instructions). John Von Neumann introduced the von Neumann architecture, which combined both data and instructions into a single memory, simplifying computer architecture. The difference between data and instructions was a matter of interpretation. In the 1970s, some processors implemented hardware systems for dynamically mapping which parts of memory were for code (instructions) and which parts were for data, along with hardware to insure that data was never interpretted as code and that code was never interpretted as data. This isolation of code and data helped prevent crashes or other problems from runaway code that started wiping out other programs by incorrectly writing data over code (either from the same program or worse from some other users software). In more recent innovation, super computers and other powerful proces sors added separate buses for fetching data and instructions. This speeds up the processor by allowing the processor to fetch the next instruction (or group of instructions) at the same time that it is reading or writing data from the current or preceding instruction. A memory bus is a bus that connects a processor to memory or connects a processor to a memory controller or connects a memory controller to a memory bank or memory chip. A cache bus is a bus that connects a processor to its internal (L1 or Level 1) or external (L2 or Level 2) memory cache or caches. An I/O bus (for input/output) is a bus that connects a processor to its support devices (such as internal hard drives, external media, expansion slots, or peripheral ports). Typically the connection is to controllers rather than directly to devices. A graphics bus is a bus that connects a processor to a graphics controller or graphics port. A local bus is a bus for items closely connected to the processor that can run at or near the same speed as the processor itself. ACCUMULATER : The accumulator processor register in the common bus system is processing unit that help to perform manipulations. It has two another register Called ADDER AND LOGIC UNIT E REGISTER ADDER AND LOGIC UNIT: It perform additions and other operation then store the value in the Accumulator. E REGISTER: It contains the carry of addition and other operation performed in the adder and logic unit. DATA REGISTER: When we fetched instruction from memory then it is neccesary to have data on which instruction is to be executed. Data register provide data to instruction to execute it. TEMPORARY REGISTER: When we are executing instruction then in the way of computing situation arrives when we need a register to save intermediate result. To save intermediate result we hace register called Temorary register that holds the data or result temporarly from which data will be fetched lator. INSTRUCTION REGISTER: It tells that which instruction will be ececuted ADDRESS REGISTER: AR contains the address of the oprends to execute instruction.For example AR(0-11) PROGRAM COUNTER; It is counter in a common bus that will tell that which instruction will be executed next .Hence it contains the address of next instruction it is implemented as PC >PC +1; INPUT REGISTER: It contains the data that will be inserted by user. OUTPUT REGISTER: It has data that can be use full to take output. WORKING OF PROJECT: This project contain one addition display of data which designed with help of graphics function.It is not relate to project at all. But it introduce you what is project. The main coding when you press any key from key board will appear. It demands from three control signal s0,s1,s2 these three bits aggregately defines the binary corresponding to which decimal number of the register activated which further give activated the its register and execute instruction In order to display the activated register i have used a pixel and circle that will fill the box.

Nutrition/Diet Therapy Project

Health is an important aspect for the people as this manifests as the foundation of their lives and welfare. Ideally, good health can be maintained through adhering to a strict discipline and a physically nurturing lifestyle. Having proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise and avoidance from vices can lead to a healthy personal development bringing forth longer with a pleasant condition. Among the three approaches to a healthy living, the aspect of diet and nutrition commonly manifests as the most influential factor as this can significantly affect the general development of the physical body. Healthy body condition can be maintained through adhering through a proper diet even the prevention and resistance to many health ailments such as heart diseases. Indeed, heart diseases are serious problems which must be given sufficient attention as they are mostly life-threatening. One common approach for reducing treatment ad prevention of heart diseases is adhering to a proper diet and nutrition therapy. Nutrition is mainly taken through eating and drinking. The body extracts the needed vitamins and minerals from the food and water taken in to properly maintain the basic processes vital for a healthy living. In the aspect of treating or preventing heart diseases, the value of the foods taken in terms of vitamins and minerals play much significance. Naturally, the origin of heart disease also has other factors such as hereditary as determined from the history of the family lineage. For cases wherein a person indeed has history of heart disease cases running down his or her family, the value of the dietary nutrition can have preventive effects to the probability of the development of heart ailments for the said individual. To further elaborate the significance of the said health recommendation, an actual study health study will be implemented wherein the author of this paper will establish a personal dietary recommendation in relation to his health information. As this author has determined, a significance percentage of heart disease has to be considered, as the problem is present in the family history. As gathered through intrinsic research, the risk factor is associated with the case of the subject’s father dying from a heart attack, which is likely due to high cholesterol level similar to the case of the subject’s grandfather. Considering the present health status of the subject, there is still no sign of heart disease symptoms and the cholesterol is still regular within the normal level. From these informations, it can be ruled that heart disease in terms of hereditary and congenital nature however, a consideration for precaution is still necessary. Thus, this dietary recommendation project will be significantly focused on the development of preventive approach and maintenance of healthy condition. In preventing heart disease ailments, it is important to consider the nutritional value of the diet being taken by the subject. In this project, three particular diet elements are highly recommended namely: emphasize on fruits, vegetables, whole-grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products inclusion of lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs and nuts on the regular diet and reduction in saturated fats, cholesterol, sodium and, added sugars. A strict adhesion to these three diet factors is important in the aspect of preventing health ailments as their nutritional benefits are incremental thus aiding the proper development of the body. The health values gain from this diet works mainly in two ways namely first through promoting the development of the body’s health and natural defenses, and second through reducing the likely diet causes of heart problems. It must be noted that cases of high cholesterol level are present in the family background and the likely contributor to the development of the heart problem of the subject’s father, thus, it must this diet recommendation project wishes to emphasize the elimination of this factor. This health diet project has also considered the said factor through eliminating the food sources of cholesterol. Reduction of cholesterol is addressed through eliminating saturated fats on the diet and focusing more on fruits, vegetables, grains, wheat, and other. Indeed, this diet recommendation eliminates the risk factor determined from family history and promotes the development of a healthy lifestyle for the subject. To better realize the effect of the recommendations of the mentioned diet project, it is also important to adhere to a healthy lifestyle particularly regular exercise and sufficient rest. In this project, an emphasis on cardiovascular exercises on a regular basis is recommended namely the basic jogging, simple stretching, and brisk walking. This form of exercises develops the capacity and healthy condition of the circulatory system particularly the heart, lung, and blood vessels. In addition, these exercises also promote proper waste removal from the body through perspiration and the maintenance of the cholesterol level. These exercises must be done at maximum of thrice a week for maintenance purposes. As additional recommendations, exercise done with mechanical assistance such as treadmill and tension bikes is also recommended but not necessary as these will require additional expense for the project. Having sufficient rest periods is also important in this health project. Insufficient rest can reduce the capacity and health of the muscles in the body and this effect has detrimental consequences mainly on the heart organ. Thus, to maintain the benefits from the food recommendations and exercise, proper rest periods ranging within 8 to 10 hours must also be given consideration. In general, this diet recommendation project is not solely focused on heart diseases as the benefits in this program can also address other health problems. It is a general emphasis on this program to develop a strong and healthy body for its subject through maintaining a proper healthy lifestyle. By adhering to a nutritious and healthy diet, a regular exercise, and adequate sleep program, the subject can easily improve his or her physical well-being and natural defenses, enabling the subject to prevent numerous health problems particularly heart diseases. Indeed, in the approach of preventing health problems, the primary approach for this aspect is to develop a strong body through a healthy lifestyle throughout his or her life. Bibliography Lee, Dennis & Stoppler, Melissa Conrad (2007). Disease Prevention Through Diet and Nutrition. MedicineNet, Inc. http://www.medicinenet.com/prevention/article.htm. September 7, 2007. Medical Update (1993). Take heart – and save it, too! (preventing heart disease with healthy diet). Benjamin Franklin Literary & Medical Society, Inc. Vol 17, Page 2. Mirkin, Gabe (2003).The Healthy Heart Miracle: Your Roadmap to Lifelong Health. Collins Publication. 1st Edition. ISBN-10: 0060196807

Beowulf, the Tragic Hero

Beowulf, the Tragic Hero In the epic poem â€Å"Beowulf† the protagonist, Beowulf, portrays a tragic hero in a variety of ways. Although Beowulf was not a perfect being, he embraces many characteristics of a tragic hero. Beowulf’s ego put him into many difficult situations. For example the battles he fought against Grendel, Grendels Mother, and the dragon. Other then his enormous ego along with his cockiness that put him into bad situations, he also embraced the characteristics of a great leader that many looked up to.In many parts of the poem Beowulf performs many courageous tasks that no one else would even try, making him one that should be idolized. To start off, Beowulf plans out his battle with Grendel. In the very beginning Beowulf tells his people and Hrothgar that he wants to battle and kill Grendel with his owns hands. This part shows his over confident ego because he thinks he is so mighty and strong. While Grendel made his way to attack Herot, Beowulf preten ded that he was asleep just as Grendel would see.As it says in lines (739-746) Grendel snatched at the first Geat†¦ (Line745) He then stepped to another still body, clutched at Beowulf with his claws. Beowulf suddenly leaned up against Grendel’s arm attempting to get back at him. Grendel was very fearful and at that very moment he didn’t even want to kill, he wanted to get away. Grendel struggled until he was free, but he ran free without his arm. Beowulf ego once again ties into this because he claims that it was â€Å"fate† that he got away and was not his fault. On the other hand, Beowulf went out of his way to protect Hrothgar and his people when no one else would stand up.The second instance where Beowulf finds himself in another situation is when Grendel’s Mother demands to avenge the death of her son. She then decides to kill one of Hrothgars men, who so happens to be Esher, his dearest advisor. After finding out that he had been killed, Hroth gar had summoned Beowulf asking for help once more. Beowulf agrees and battles her at her wretched home. In this confrontation Beowulf decides yet once again to be on his own and defeat the nasty old hag. With one slash of his sword he gets rid of her and is repeatedly praised for his courageous actions. As mentioned reviously, Beowulf always put people before himself, which embraced his characteristics of a tragic hero. Last but not least, Beowulf battles the dragon. It began with a slave that had stolen a golden cup from the dragon’s lair. For the final time, Beowulf’s over confident ego ties into it one final time. We know at this point in time, that Beowulf is at an old age and is becoming weak. Therefore, he insists to fight the dragon by himself. Beowulf’s decision to fight alone is a reoccurring action, if you can not tell. Ultimately the dragon begins to beat Beowulf; his haughty attitude does not comply with his initial strength.At this moment in time, it leads to Beowulf’s downfall with his final attempt at battle. As he dies he finds the strength to slay the dragon hoping to save his people, one last time. With the death of Beowulf he achieves the fame he has always longed for. Beowulf’s courageous and brave actions along with his tragic death prove that he is a true hero. The events of this epic poem conclude that even heroes too are acceptable to tragedies. Although Beowulf was not perfect, he without a doubt portrayed the definition of a tragic hero.

Malaysian Rainforests Overview

Southeast Asian rainforests, such as those that dominate the Malaysian region, are believed to be the oldest and some of the most biologically diverse forests in the world. However, they are now in danger of disappearing due to a number of human activities that threaten the ecosystem. Location The Malaysian rainforest eco-region extends across peninsular Malaysia to the extreme southern tip of Thailand. Characteristics Malaysian rainforests contain several different forest types throughout the region. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), these include lowland dipterocarp forest, hill dipterocarp forest, upper hill dipterocarp forest, oak-laurel forest, montane ericaceous forest, peat swamp forest, mangrove forest, freshwater swamp forest, heath forest, and forests that thrive on limestone and quartz ridges. Historical Extent of Habitat The extent of Malaysias land surface was forested before humans began clearing trees. Current Extent of Habitat Currently, forests cover about 59.5 percent of the total land area. Ecological Significance Malaysian rainforests support a vast diversity of plant and animal life, including approximately 200 mammal species (such as the rare Malayan tiger, Asian elephant, Sumatran rhinoceros, Malayan tapir, gaur, and clouded leopard), over 600 species of birds, and 15,000 plants. Thirty-five percent of these plant species are found nowhere else in the world. Threats The clearing of forest land by humans is the primary threat to the Malaysian rainforest ecosystem and its inhabitants. Lowland forests have been cleared to create rice fields, rubber plantations, oil palm plantations, and orchards. In conjunction with these industries, logging has boomed as well, and the development of human settlements further threatens the forests. Conservation Efforts WWF-Malaysias Forest for Life Programme works to improve forest preservation and management practices throughout the region, paying special attention to the restoration of degraded areas where critical forest corridors are required by wildlife for safe travel throughout their habitats. WWFs Forest Conversion Initiative works with producers, investors, and retailers around the world to ensure that expansion of oil palm plantations does not threaten High Conservation Value Forests. Get Involved Support the World Wildlife Funds efforts in establishing and improving protected areas by signing up as a Direct Debit Donor. Travel to WWFs project sites in Malaysia to help contribute to the local economy with your tourism dollars and exhibit global support of these conservation programs. You will help to prove that protected areas can generate income for the state governments without the need to exploit our natural resources unsustainably, explains WWF. Forest managers and timber products processors can join the Malaysia Forest and Trade Network (MFTN). When buying any wood product, from pencils to furniture to construction materials, be sure to check sources and, ideally, choose only certified sustainable products. Find out how you can help WWFs Heart of Borneo project by contacting: Hana S. HarunCommunications Officer (Malaysia, Heart of Borneo)WWF-Malaysia (Sabah Office)Suite 1-6-W11, 6th Floor, CPS Tower,Centre Point Complex,No.1, Jalan Centre Point,88800 Kota Kinabalu,Sabah, Malaysia.Tel: 6088 262 420Fax: 6088 242 531 Join the Restore and Kinabatangan - Corridor of Life initiatives to reforest the Corridor of Life in the Kinabatangan Floodplain. If your company would like to contribute to reforestation work, please contact the Reforestation Officer: Kertijah Abdul KadirReforestation OfficerWWF-Malaysia (Sabah Office)Suite 1-6-W11, 6th Floor, CPS Tower,Centre Point Complex,No.1, Jalan Centre Point,88800 Kota Kinabalu,Sabah, Malaysia.Tel: 6088 262 420Fax: 6088 248 697