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Amina, African Warrior Queen of Zazzau

Amina, African Warrior Queen of Zazzau Known for:  warrior queen, extending the territory of her people.  While stories about her could be legends, scholars believe she was an actual person who ruled in what is now the Zaria province of Nigeria. Dates: about 1533 - about 1600Occupation: Queen of ZazzauAlso Known as: Amina Zazzau, princess of ZazzauReligion: Muslim Sources of the History of Amina Oral tradition includes many stories about Amina of Zazzau, but scholars generally accept that the stories are based on a real person who ruled Zazzau, a Hausa city-state which is now Zaria province in Nigeria. The dates of Aminas life and rule are in dispute among scholars.  Some place her in the 15th century and some in the 16th.  Her story does not appear in writing until Muhammed Bello wrote of her accomplishments in the  Ifaq al-Maysur  which dates to 1836. The Kano Chronicle, a history written in the 19th century from earlier sources, mentions her as well, putting her rule in the 1400s. She is not mentioned in the list of rulers written from oral history in the 19th century and published in the early 20th, though the ruler Bakwa Turunka  appears there, Aminas mother. The name Amina means truthful or honest. Background, Family Grandfather: probably ruler of ZazzauMother: Bakwa of Turunka, ruling queen of ZazzauBrother: Karama (ruled as king, 1566-1576)Sister: Zariya, for whom the city of Zaria may be namedAmina refused to marry and had no children About Amina, Queen of Zazzau Aminas mother, Bakwa of Turunka, was the founding  ruler of Zazzauas a kingdom, one of many Hausa city-kingdoms involved in trade.  The collapse of the Songhai empire left a gap in power that these city-states filled. Amina, born in the city of Zazzau, was trained in skills of government and military warfare and fought in battles with her brother, Karama. In 1566, when Bakwa died, Aminas younger brother Karama became king. In 1576 when Karama died, Amina, now about 43, became Queen of Zazzau. She used her military prowess to expand the territory of Zazzau to the mouth of the Niger in the south and including Kano and Katsina in the north. These military conquests led to great wealth, both because they opened more trading routes and because conquered territories had to pay tribute. She is credited with building walls around her camps during her military ventures, and with building a wall around the city of Zaria.  Mud walls around cities became known as Aminas walls. Amina is also credited with initiating the cultivation of kola nuts in the area she ruled. While she never married perhaps imitating Queen Elizabeth I of England and had no children, legends tell of her taking, after a battle, a man from among the enemy, and spending the night with him, then killing him in the morning so he could tell no stories. Amina ruled for 34 years before her death. According to the legend, she was killed in a military campaign near Bida, Nigeria. In Lagos State, at the National Arts Theatre, there is a statue of Amina.  Many schools are named for her.

Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Character Analysis - Essay Example is angry like when she declared â€Å"That was not a successful intervention, Ferret Face† after he declares that the family reaction to Rose’s behavior is â€Å"something that the whole family agrees upon.† Through Violet’s eyes, we can see the Rose desperately tries to reach out to reality but realizes she is becoming a burden, and she says â€Å"don’t hate me† to her mother in an attempt to make up for what she has done wrong unintentionally. The mother and the father are significant in the story as they present different views of how parents deal with mentally imbalanced children. One becomes too pragmatic that they become too detached with the situation, making them seem uncaring. This is significantly seen when she blatantly declares that her daughter â€Å"doesn’t need a heart to heart talk with mom, she needs a hospital.† But it is actually their shield to cover up for their fear as can be felt when she says â€Å"warrior queens†¦I raised warrior queens.† The other parent becomes the one attempting to shield himself from the reality of the situation. Like when the father insists that they talk more to Rose and when didn’t want to go to the woods when Rose finally killed

My point of view on assisted suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My point of view on assisted suicide - Essay Example Jack Kevorkian, an unrepentant medical practitioner who openly engaged in euthanasia among terminally ill patients and a recent case in the United Kingdom in which Mr. Alan Reyes of East London publicly helped his partner end his life and was subsequently arrested for the subsequent death of his partner of twenty eight years. Dr. Kevorkian, was incarcerated for eight years for helping people to die, and is reported to have participated in at least 130 assisted suicides. To understand the complexities surrounding euthanasia today as the debate continues, the followin will address both sides of the coin and explore euthanasia from a holistic perspective. This essay begins now with a concise introduction to euthanasia and the ethical, social and legal aspects of euthanasia in America (CNN 1999; BBC 2009; StopPain 2009). From an ethical and legal standpoint the euthanasia issue is heavily charged and polarizing. Anti-euthanasia advocates argue that doctor assisted suicide is murder and that it must be opposed on both ethical and legal grounds. Pro-euthanasia advocates believe that the right to life is an intrinsic right and no one can tell a person when he or she can end their life. The decision end one’s life is thus a personal decision and the state has no place telling a terminally ill person that he or she cannot make a conscious decision and choose to put an end to his or her life. From a purely legal standpoint, all forms of euthanasia remain illegal in all 48 of the 50 states of the United States (both Oregon and Washington presently allow a limited form of doctor-assisted suicide) and most of the Western world. In Europe, notable exceptions include Belgium, Luxemburg, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Despite this, all forms of doctor assisted suicide remain illegal in much of the deve loped world including the United Kingdom, France,

Important technical development Essay Example for Free

Important technical development Essay The most important technical development was the unitization of the liner shipping business. The shipping industry has been so successful at exploiting this technical development that the cost of sea transport has hardly increased. Coal and Oil cost little more to transport in the mid 1990s than in 1940s. Those important causes which are mostly affecting the demand for sea transport are 8 The World Economy : As it was discussed before that world economy with its output and trade is the most important single factor to generate demand for shipping and any crisis in the world economy reflects in the demand for shipping. In table 01 its clear that ups and downs of shipping demand is also proportionate to world trade. There are 03 different aspects of the world economy that may bring about change in the demand for sea transport ,which are- The Business Cycle: The business cycle lays the foundation for freight cycles. Fluctuation in the rate of economic growth work through in to the sea borne trade, creating a cycle pattern of demand for ships. For example, two major recession in shipping business in 1975 and 1981-1983 ,which co-incited with the recession of the world economy. This economic cycles arise from a combination of external and internal factors. The external factors include events such as wars or sudden changes in commodity prices such as crude oil, which cause a sudden change in demand. Internal factors refer to the dynamic structure of the world economy itself, which it is argued, leads naturally to a cyclical rather than linear growth path. Five of the most common business cycles are- I. The Multiplier and accelerator : The main internal mechanism which creates cycles is the interplay between consumption and investment. II. Time-lags: The delays between economic decision and their implementation can make cyclical fluctuation more extreme. The shipping markets provides and excellent example for this. During a shipping market boom, ship owners order ships that are not delivered until the market has gone into recession. When the arrival of the new ships at a time when there is already a surplus, further discourages new ordering just at the time when shipbuilders are running out of work. The result of their time lags is to make booms and recession more extreme and cyclical. III. Stock building : It produces sudden burst of demand as industries adjust their stocks during the business cycle. On several occasion shipping boom have been driven by short-term stock building by industry in anticipation of future shortage or price rises. Examples are the Korean war in 1952-53, the dry cargo boom of 1974-75, mini tankers boom in 1979 and summer 1986. Tanker booms were caused by temporary stock building by the world oil industry. IV. Mass psychology : If people act in an imitative manner a particular trend will build up to a level where they can affect the whole economic system. Their periods of optimism and pessimism become self fulfilling through the medium of stock exchanges, financial booms and the behaviour of investment. V. Random shocks : Random shocks such as wars, weather changes, new resources, commodity price changes, which upset the stability of economic system may contribute to the cyclical process. Its impact on the shipping market is often very severe ,for example ,1930s depression which followed by the wall street crash of 1929. Other two aspects are The trade elasticity and The trade development cycle-which are correlated to business cycle. Other factors which have very strong influence on shipping demand are Transport cost. Transport cost are an element in the costs of production and If transport Costs are low ,its possible for domestic commodities to be substituted for the cheaper goods supplied over great distances, which will create business opportunities for shipping. The globalisation of the world economy has reinforced the inherent and unique internationalism and fluidity of the shipping industry, while over the same period the industry has become vastly more productive, with very much larger, faster ships and new techniques such as containerisation. By understanding and exploiting world economic activities and trade pattern along with all the other factors stated above, which are mostly controlling the shipping demand, ship owners and shipping management can achieve maximum business profit. From table one it is clear that the future growth of world trade and out put will definitely create more demand for shipping. Thus the derived demand nature of shipping demand creating huge opportunity for ship owners and shipping management to profit from the ups and downs of world trade. References 1. whitepaper of DTLR on British Shipping Charting a New Course ,para-9,obtained from www. shipping. dtlr. gov. uk/cnc/index. html ,or menu-whitepaper, october2001. 2. Chrzanowski I, 1985, An Introduction To Shipping Economics, Fairplay Publications. 3. Abrahamsson B J, 1980,International Ocean Shipping: Current Concepts and Principal, WestView Press. 4. McConville J,1999,Economics of Maritime Tansport,p42,The Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers, London  www.isl.org

Making Ethical Bids in a Competitive Market :: Engineer Engineering Job Papers

Making Ethical Bids in a Competitive Market As the United States economy struggles through a sluggish time with the stock market dropping and unemployment rising, being competitive in the job market has become extremely important among professionals. Engineers are no exception. For most engineering firms, being competitive and successful requires obtaining design projects offered by companies in other fields. These projects can range from designing heating and ventilation systems for office buildings to water systems for cities to computer networks for businesses—the list of possibilities and disciplines is extensive. To get these jobs, engineers must make a bid proposal for the project. Bidding involves estimating the entire cost of the project, including the designing and building processes, as well as the materials and labor. Usually, the company with the lowest bid and the best plan gets the job. The ethical issue in this process is determining the cheapest building materials and construction procedures possible wit hout compromising public safety. The enormous responsibility that an engineer has when designing a project is often overlooked. His or her job is not only to create a design that will work under ideal conditions, but that will meet the regulations of environmental and building codes and will also survive the unpredictable forces of nature that structures are sometimes subjected to. An article in the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, "Structures are Held up by Both Skill and Luck,"1 describes many risks involved in the designing process and the failures that can occur when small details are overlooked. In light of a recent surge of failures in the Northwest, the article says: "While the Northwest has experienced some unusual weather conditions this year, the effects of these weather conditions were not all unpredictable. Many tragic failures in the Pacific Northwest (and in other parts of the country) can be traced to poor land-use planning decisions. Despite the availability of hazard mitigation information and qualified technical consultants, the information is often ignored and the consultants bypassed as development continues in the flood plains and on unstable hillsides. Often, unwise site selection and ill-conceived site development results in unnecessary exposure to severe natural hazards." Although the initial reason for not hiring a technical consultant in these cases of poor land choice is most likely an attempt to lower design and construction costs, in retrospect it seems obvious that the money spent on the expertise of a geotechnical engineer would have been significantly less than the "millions of dollars of direct losses and litigation costs.

Country Risk Analysis

Running head: COUNTRY RISK ANALYSIS Balance of Payment The current account balance of China amounts to 297. 1 bn US$ in the financial year 2009, whereas for the Guatemala it amounts to -0. 62 bn US$ in the same financial year (China's current-account balance 1982-2009). This implies that the current account balance of the home country stood at surplus as compared to that of the host country. As far as capital account is concerned, it amounts to 109. bn US$ in 2009 for China whereas for Guatemala was far less compared to that of China which implies that the home country's capital account balance is also at surplus in comparison to that of host country. Apart from the current account and the capital account balances of both the countries, the official gold holding of China as on December 2009 amounts to 1054 tonnes which was equivalent to 1. 5% of the of the national forex reserve, whereas for that of Guatemala, it was 6. tonnes in the same financial year equivalent to that of 4. 5% of the national forex reserve (Guatemala Economic Statistics and Indicators, 2010). Government variables: The government of China has been actively involved in formulating an effective fiscal policy so that the key projects can be easily financed by issuing government debt. Apart from the fiscal policy, the monetary policy is formulated in coordination to that of the fiscal policy so as to promote economic growth by containing deflation to the extent possible. As far as the monetary and the fiscal policy of Guatemala is concerned, a series of structural reform is done with a primary motive to increase the economic efficiency by strengthening balance of payments and controlling inflation. The monetary rate has been stable because of the strict fiscal administration and the abundance of natural resources. The legal court system of china is based on civil law which was divided into four level court system of which at the highest level is the supreme people's court, then local people's court and court of special jurisdiction lso known as special court. All these level of court systems ensure fairness in all the legal proceedings at china. The legal system of Guatemala follows a more of standard European prosecutorial model which implies providing evidence to the judge in an open public court so as to enable him to take decisions based on the evidence presented. As the decisions taken by the judge based on the evidence results into correct deci sions, this implies the fairness of the Guatemala's court system (Legal system of Guatemala). The corporate laws and regulations has been formulated in China as well as the Guatemala with an intention to protect the legitimate rights and interests of companies, shareholders and creditors (Company Law of the People's Republic of China, 2005). In order to comply with the world trade organization agreement on trade related aspect of intellectual property rights, China has strengthened its legal framework and has also amended its intellectual property rights. Counterfeiters and pirates has been the most in Chinese economy, as a result it is essential to have a better intellectual property right environment in china. Although the commitment from the central government official to tackle the problem is quite high but it has not been appropriate to deter the major IPR infringement. The intellectual property right is also not secure in guatemala due to the increased pirated related activities, hence government needs to take necessary action in order to solve such crucial problem. A trade union act has been formulated in accordance with the constitution to protect the positions of trade union which ultimately leads to the development of china's socialist movements. This act protects the legal rights of the employees. The activities of the union in the Guatemala has been pathetic. It has been increasingly violated after the enactment of Dominican republic central America trade agreement. The steps taken by the government becomes ineffective in addressing this concern (Labor Rights in Guatemala). Infrastructure: The transportation facility in China is improving as the government of china is investing huge funds in the development of roads, highway and expressway. Similar is the condition in vase of Guatemala where government is actively participating in improving the transportation facilities. The port of Tianjin is an international trading port in china of whose the land area is more than 20 km. Vessels of 70000-80000 dwt can sail in on the tide. Its through put was around 57. 87million tons. A notice on the management of foreign trade in free trade zone has been issued by the ministry of commerce and the general office of the general administration which clarifies the way through which foreign trade and distribution rights can be obtained by the operators inside the zone. In Guatemala also, there are various free trade zones along with many industrial parks which results into competitive advantage for the investors (China: Trading in Free Trade Zones, 2006). The banking, environmental and the educational factors are somewhat similar in both the countries. The banking in china has undergone lots of changes and it has remain in the hands of the government even after banks has given more autonomy. The educational activity on the part of the government is increasing in Guatemala as the education budget accounted for 15. % of the central government budget. The environmental issues in Guatemala are in relation to soil erosion, acid rain, water pollution etc. , whereas excessive growth has also raised various environmental issues in china. References: Company Law of the People's Republic of China, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/bizchina/2006-04/17/content_569258. htm China: Trading in Free Trade Zones, 2006. Retrieved Apr il 24, 2010 from http://www. hg. org/articles/article_1191. tml China's current-account balance 1982-2009. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. chinability. com/CurrentAccount. htm Guatemala Economic Statistics and Indicators, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. economywatch. com/economic-statistics/country/Guatemala/ Legal system of guatemala. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from www. oas. org/juridico/Mla/en/gtm/en_gtm-int-description. pdf Labor Rights in Guatemala. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from www. ghrc-usa. org/Publications/factsheet_LaborRights. pdf

Health Care Interface Design Essay

This paper is mainly discussing about the user interface design problems faced by the healthcare professionals in the healthcare industry with the applications in their handheld devices that assist them in dealing with daily routine work. The authors attempt to identify and address the key problems from the previous researches. To tackle these issues, a mobile user interface (UI) framework is reviewed as the basis for discussion and suggestion for improving future interface design for healthcare. The discussion also includes case study on the interface design of an existing medical applications available on iPhone as the example of evaluation. 1 Introduction In the dynamic healthcare industry, healthcare professionals are expected to be highly mobile, ready and on-the-go. Accessing instant medical information at work is required almost all the time. Instead of carrying bulky laptops around the workplace, most healthcare professionals are carrying with them handheld devices of either the Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) or smart phone nowadays. The applications commonly used by the healthcare professionals are those that enable them to have access to patients’ information, drugs information and administrative functions (Honeybourne et al, 2006). In order to keep them competent at workplace, usability of the mobile application is of vital important in ensuring that information can be retrieved by the healthcare professionals instantly at all conditions. In view of this, the objective of this paper is to understand the difficulties faced by this group of people with their mobile application and to provide insightful solutions to th ese problems in the context of user interface design. 2 Healthcare Interface Design Healthcare interface design is one of the important aspects many researchers are focusing on over the past decades. It is increasingly supported by multiple technologies including human computer interaction and media interactive design to improve the efficiency and quality. Generally, IT has the potential to provide healthcare professionals with faster access to patient information mainly by electronic healthcare records (EHCR) and medical knowledge resources (Volsko, 2004). These functions are normally associated with the use of stationary computers but also available on mobile technology such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), which can be used in a more flexible way than the stationary computers. A PDA is a small handheld computer popular for calendar and note functions (Lundby, 2002) but nowadays, PDAs are also employed in various medical applications, as well as in business and education environments (Volsko, 2004). A PDA allows large volumes of updated information to be stored in the pocket. It is the substitution or complement to laptops because it works as efficiently as a wireless mobile device that implies reading and computing data including images in a hospital environment. With connection to a computer it allows regular backups, data transfer and software downloads (Huffstutler, Wyatt & Wright, 2002). Different healthcare professionals have used the PDA to a various extent for different tasks, such as accessing patient records, writing prescriptions, billing, performing medical computations, e-mail, accessing the internet and medical textbooks (Miller, Beattie & Butt, 2003). 3 Problem Statements Although the latest PDAs and handheld mobile devices have increasing capabilities in getting information, there are still several issues affecting the user’s ability to access and use the information. Based on the studies by other researchers, the key issues are identified and addressed as follows: 3.1 Only Part of Screen is used to Show Information. Several studies done by researchers, who involved in healthcare PDA interface design, found that most of the healthcare professionals are not happy with the interface when it comes to display of information. Internet-based information or database information is usually delivered though web browsers of PDA. If only part of the screen is used to display information, users are unable to view the full information. Typically, the medical information is delivered inside one display window on the handheld device. Only part of the information is seen as it squeezed with other elements, for example, navigation buttons, menu, and etc. to fit into the window. Most of the browsers in the computer are able to switch to full screen display and this function enable users to hide the unwanted toolbars temporary while increasing screen space for information display. However, this was not available on the browser of handheld device. 3.2 Scrolling is Not Good Design for Healthcare Interface Design On top of that, research shows that most of the users do not like the scrolling button. Especially for users of healthcare information, they all agreed with the suggestion that scrolling should be avoided or at least minimized. In some interface design researches (e.g. Albers & Kim, 2001); researchers propose dragging the content presented on a screen as another solution for this problem. But this way has been proved that users are still not comfortable in other studies. As mentioned in previous research papers, healthcare information in the PDA devices should be able to use visualization and interactivity and minimize amount of text as much as possible on a screen. Scrolling is obviously not function for this purpose. Usually, information of healthcare for learning is better to be designed in the way of representation, so that the information can be delivered only in one screen. Lots of experiences feedback has shown t hat large amounts of information can be organized and effectively presented in this way. 3.3 Switching between Portrait and Landscape Mode Switching between portrait and landscape mode is functionality that traditionally has been available as tailored functionality in specific applications, where the developers have found it useful. At least on the PocketPC platform, using only landscape mode as an alternative to portrait used to be quite common in games, but applications supporting both have been rare – at least for the application as such, it is more common for special features like showing a picture in full screen mode. During the last years, switching between landscape and portrait has become standard functionality in the operating system of most platforms (including Windows Mobile, Symbian S60v3 and v5, iPhone/iPod Touch ) and all included applications support the switching. Also, some devices supporting these platforms use landscape mode as standard when the built-in HW keyboard is used. This facilitates having a larger keyboard than models using platforms only offering portrait mode. 3.4 Handheld Devices is Harmful to Eyesight In the recent reports, users are concern with their handheld devices will have harmful impact to their eyesight, if users use the devices to search complex information, e.g. patient historic data, frequently and in long time. A recent article in the Wall Street Journal (Spencer, 2006) stated that the impact of a small screen device might have serious impact on an individual’s eyesight. In this article, author described a case study, which can be used to prove that a person who uses PDA devices would be affected especially in eyesight. 3.5 Lack of Short Contacts and Task Centeredness A healthcare handheld device usually assists and supports a user in his or her activities, e.g., searching patient information, scheduling time for doctors, looking for relevant medicine information and so on. Most of handheld devices for healthcare do not provide the function, which is to plan user’s tasks simultaneously. The short contact with device is useful and usually short in terms of time (e.g., reviewing the tasks and timetables, computing the amount of medicine, viewing the professional introduction from remote doctors, or making a personal note). Considering this useful function, many healthcare interface users demand to have this way, which is provided short contacts and task centeredness in a simple action on a small screen. Healthcare information plays a significant role, which is supplements for user’s intelligence and supports their needs of rapid and convenience information retrieval way using the functions of the device at hand. Portability ensures dat abases or information is always available to access and provides support at anytime and anywhere whenever needed. 3.6 Lack of Rapid Interaction One of the healthcare interface design purpose is the information and database materials should be provided through visualization and interactivity and the devices can deliver all necessary information with a single screen. Some interactive elements are necessary, for example, hot-spots and button. Those elements would be integrated in a learning object should provide immediate feedback to the learner. Rapid interactions, such as moving a button, should result in immediate updates on the screen according to a user’s action. This is useful for healthcare information users, as they would change elements frequently but they don’t have enough time to modify every single element, which is affected by this change. Other alternative is the ability for customization services or functions for design interactive method to communicate with their handheld devices. They want to move or redesign the buttons, arrows and sliders depending on their needs. 4 Mobile User Interface Design In this section, the mobile user interface design guideline that has been identified will be addressed accordingly. The guideline that has been selected will be used in the subsequent section to resolve the common problems faced by the healthcare professionals with their current mobile applications (Zafar, 2009). 4.1 Learnability The mobile device should provide easy and simple interface for users when they firstly use the application. To define simple interface is where the application should only provide limited functions in the application to allow users to achieve the goal easily. Complex system will require users to explore and study each features provided in the application will eventually turn the users off. 4.2 Efficiency Efficiency in this context refers to the number of steps that required for user to accomplish the goal. Key task should be as direct as possible, key features are preferable to be available on the first page when the application is launched without wasting unnecessary time. 4.3 Memorability The user interface should be easy to use every time the users interact with the application. With simple and easy interface, user has higher tendency to use the application repeatedly, as memorability is related to the frequency of the users utilize the application. 4.4 Error Recovery Ideally, a perfect interface shall not allow mistakes, but in reality that there is always bug and errors for the applications. Therefore, application should be able to recovery from the error and return to the latest operation that has performed by the user to reduce data loss and damage to increase the confident of the users towards the application. 4.5 Simplicity Although the interface design should be easy and simple for all the usual task, nevertheless less common task need to be possible as well to provide a complete solution for the users. However, unnecessary functions should be avoided to reduce complexity. Lastly, visual design and layout should be uncluttered to attract users for re-using it. 4.6 Mapping The expectation of users towards the application is very important, the application should provide feedback and return result base on the action made by the users. As each feature / function should map the expectation of the users. 4.7 Visibility In term of the visibility perspective, important information should be visible at the application, while less important information can be display in the features or to be selected if necessary to reduce complexity of the interface at the glance for the users. But ultimately, understanding the users goal is crucial as that will determine the information / contents to be displayed in the main screen when the application is launched. 4.8 Feedback Being able to prompt appropriate feedback to the users so that users will be aware that the application is executing the action is important. By providing proper feedback, users will not tend to repeat the command or waiting if the application is running. 4.9 Consistency By satisfying users’ expectations towards the application, likewise functions should be displayed and acted in the consistent and systematic way across the application. There should not be many changes when users select each features of the application. 4.10 Satisfaction Ultimately, overall satisfaction of the users towards the application is the keynote. An application is successful if it is used repeatedly with good feedback from users and users are comfortable with each features provided in the application.

Definition and Examples of English Imperative Sentences

Definition and Examples of English Imperative Sentences In English grammar, an imperative  sentence  gives advice or instructions; it can also express a request or command. These kinds of sentences are also known as directives because they provide direction to whoever is being addressed. Types of Imperative Sentences Directives can take one of several forms in everyday speech and writing. A few of the most common uses include: A request: Pack enough clothing for the cruise.An invitation: Come by at 8, please.A command: Raise your hands and turn around.An instruction: Turn left at the intersection. Imperative sentences can be confused with other kinds of sentences. The trick is to look at how the sentence is constructed. (You) Are the Subject Imperative sentences may seem to have no subject, but the implied subject is you, or, as it is properly called, you understood. The proper way to write the subject is (you) in parenthesis, especially when diagramming an imperative sentence. Even when a proper name is mentioned in an imperative sentence, the subject still is you understood. Example: Jim, close the door before the cat gets out! - The subject is (you), not Jim. Imperative vs. Declarative Sentences Unlike a declarative sentence, where the subject and verb are clearly articulated, imperative sentences do not have a readily identifiable subject when written out. The subject is implied or  elliptical, meaning that the verb refers directly back to the subject. In other words, the speaker or the author assumes they have (or will have) their subjects attention. Declarative sentence: John does his chores.Imperative sentence: Do your chores! Imperative vs. Interrogative Sentences An imperative sentence typically begins with the  base form of a verb  and ends with a  period  or an  exclamation point. However, it can also end with a question mark in some instances. The difference between a question (also called an interrogative statement) and an imperative sentence is the subject and whether its implied. Interrogative sentence: Would you please open the door for me, John?Imperative sentence: Please open the door, would you? Modifying an Imperative Sentence At their most basic, imperative sentences are binary, which is to say they must be either positive or negative. Positive imperatives use affirmative verbs in addressing the subject; negatives do the opposite.   Positive: Keep both hands on the steering wheel while youre driving.Negative: Dont operate the lawnmower without wearing safety goggles. Adding the words do or just to the beginning of the sentence, or the word please to the conclusion- called softening  the imperative  - makes imperative sentences more polite or conversational. Softened  imperatives: Do your chores, please. Just sit here, wont you? As with other forms of grammar, imperative sentences can be modified to address a particular subject, follow a proprietary written style, or simply add variety and emphasis to your writing. Adding Emphasis Imperative sentences also can be modified to single out a particular person or to address a group. This can be accomplished in one of two ways: by following the interrogative with a tag question or by closing with an exclamation point. Tag question: Shut the door, would you, please?Exclamative: Someone, call a doctor! Doing so in both instances adds emphasis and drama to speech and writing.

How to Take Good News Interview Notes

How to Take Good News Interview Notes Even in an age of digital voice recorders, a reporter’s notebook and pen are still necessary tools for print and online journalists. Voice recorders are great for capturing every quote accurately, but transcribing interviews from them can often take too long, especially when you’re on a tight deadline. (Read more about voice recorders vs. notebooks here.) Still, many beginning reporters complain that with a notepad and pen they can never take down everything a source says in an interview, and they worry about writing fast enough in order to get quotes exactly right. So here are five tips for taking good notes. 1. Be Thorough – But Not Stenographic You always want to take the most thorough notes possible. But remember, you’re not a stenographer. You don’t have to take down absolutely everything a source says. Keep in mind that you’re probably not going to use everything they say in your story. So don’t worry if you miss a few things here and there. 2. Jot Down the ‘Good’ Quotes Watch an experienced reporter doing an interview, and you’ll probably notice that she isn’t constantly scribbling notes. That’s because seasoned reporters learn to listen for the â€Å"good quotes† – the ones they’re likely to use - and not worry about the rest. The more interviews you do, the better you’ll get at writing down the best quotes, and at filtering out the rest. 3. Be Accurate - But Don’t Sweat Every Word You always want to be as accurate as possible when taking notes. But don’t worry if you miss a â€Å"the,† â€Å"and,† â€Å"but† or â€Å"also† here and there. No one expects you to get every quote exactly right, word-for-word, especially when you’re on a tight deadline, doing interviews at the scene of a breaking news event. It IS important to be accurate get the meaning of what someone says. So if they say, â€Å"I hate the new law,† you certainly don’t want to quote them as saying they love it. Also, when writing your story, don’t be afraid to paraphrase (put in your own words) something a source says if you’re not sure you got the quote exactly right. 4. Repeat That, Please If an interview subject talks fast or if you think you misheard something they said, don’t be afraid to ask them to repeat it. This can also be a good rule of thumb if a source says something especially provocative or controversial. â€Å"Let me get this straight – are you saying that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is something reporters are often heard to say during interviews. Asking a source to repeat something is also a good idea if youre not sure you understand what theyve said, or if theyve said something in a really jargony, overly complicated way. For instance, if a police officer tells you a suspect made egress from the domicile and was apprehended following a foot chase, ask him to put that into plain English, which will probably be something to the effect of, the suspect ran out of the house. We ran after him and caught him. Thats a better quote for your story and one thats easier to take down in your notes. 5. Highlight the Good Stuff Once the interview is done, go back over your notes and use a checkmark to highlight the main points and quotes that you’re most likely to use. Do this right after the interview when your notes are still fresh.

Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Innovation Essay

Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Innovation - Essay Example The present research has identified that entrepreneurship is the act of taking a risk to offer at a fee for a product or a service to the market in order to make an income. The process of entrepreneurship involves identification of a problem and formulation of a workable solution to counter the problem. Innovation is the means by which something is conducted in a unique manner or differently. The two concepts are much related to entrepreneurs rely on innovation as a tool to help him provide a product or a service in the market. Innovation might employ the use of technology that entrepreneurs exploit to offer what they have to sell to the community. In the process of conducting a business as an entrepreneur challenges arise in each step of the way. Innovation helps entrepreneurs solve such challenges in a clever way that helps them stay afloat. Entrepreneurs calculate a risk and minimize it using innovations. The tool is applied in adapting to new market trends where the most innovati ve entrepreneur always remains relevant in the business even after the introduction of new products into the market. There is a more direct relationship between innovation and the performance of an individual or an organization considering them in an entrepreneurial context. The quality of service delivery and products are directly linked to the two subjects under discussion. When there is innovation, the individual or organization experiences a competitive advantage over his peers in the industry. It is easier for an organization to take informed steps and well-calculated risks with the application of innovation as a tool in delivering a product or a service. When the two relationships are good on an organizational or individual basis there are increased benefits from an increased market share, ROI (return on investment), new products, fast-mover advantage on products and the overall firm success.